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Principles of Behavior Modification (PSY333)

Principles of Behavior Modification (PSY333). Gary L. Cates, Ph.D., N.C.S.P. Clinical Behavior Therapy. Cognitive Behavior Modification. Cognition: belief, thought, expectancy, attitude, or perception Assumption 1: People respond to events in terms of their perceived significance.

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Principles of Behavior Modification (PSY333)

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  1. Principles of Behavior Modification (PSY333) Gary L. Cates, Ph.D., N.C.S.P

  2. Clinical Behavior Therapy

  3. Cognitive Behavior Modification Cognition: belief, thought, expectancy, attitude, or perception • Assumption 1: People respond to events in terms of their perceived significance. • Assumption 2: Cognitive deficiencies cause emotional disorders. • √ Goal: Change cognition to make better adjusted person

  4. Method 1: Cognitive Restructuring • Substituting rational thoughts and appraisal of information for irrational or dysfunctional thinking. • Ellis: Rational Emotive Therapy (Later REBT) • Beck: Cognitive Therapy • Dichotomous Thinking: Absolute terms • Arbitrary Inference: Faulty conclusions • Overgeneralization: One failure means failure in general • Magnification: Exaggeration

  5. Method 2: Self-instructional Coping methods • Identify internal stimuli that are stress related • Use them as SD’s to engage in appropriate self talk • Appropriate self talk through a set of things to do to relax • Positive self reinforcing statements after positive self talk

  6. Method 3: Problem-Solving Methods • General orientation: Be systematic not impulsive • Problem Definition: Be specific • Generation of alternatives: Brainstorm solutions • Decision making: Evaluate the pros and cons to each alternative and pick the best one. • Verification: Keep track of progress (data)

  7. Empirical Evaluation of Ellis • Reducing self talk: 46% • Reducing emotional distress: 27% • Gossette and O’Brien (1992) √ Effects probably due to homework assignments, not the challenge of cognition.

  8. Let’s Add Cognitive Restructuring! • Let’s not! • 83% of research suggests it adds nothing! • Helpful for social anxiety only

  9. Empirical Evaluation of Beck • No better than a placebo (placebo may be effective!) [NIMH, 1989] • - 55% BT, 52% IPT, 46% CT, 34% BDPT (Agency for health care policy and research, 1994)

  10. Behavioral vs. Cognitive • 83% of pure cognitive had no added benefit. √ Cognitive good for social-anxiety and phobia

  11. Two Points • Cognitive techniques rely on rule-governed behavior • Rules control behavior only when linked to environmental contingencies

  12. Areas of Clinical Behavior Therapy • Agoraphobia: In vivo exposure (group or individual) • Cognitive restructuring does not add anything • OCD: In vivo exposure (65-75%) • Cognitive (imagining) led by therapist adds to effectiveness. • Stress: Relaxation techniques and exercise • Depression: Exercise is gaining a lot of momentum • placebo > no Tx and = to cognitive therapy • 30-60 minutes 3 times per week

  13. Areas of Clinical Behavior Therapy • Alcohol Problems: • Most successful programs use behavioral components such as: • Decreasing reinforcing properties of alcohol • Teaching new skills • Strategies to prevent relapse • Contingency management • SOCIAL SUPPORT IMPORTANT! DRA? √ Tx good for problem drinkers not as effective for alcoholics • Obesity • Self-monitoring, stimulus control, changing eating behavior, behavioral contracts

  14. Areas of Clinical Behavior Therapy • Marital Distress • Instigation of positive exchanges • Communication Training • Problem Solving Training • Habit Disorders • Habit reversal (Azrin & Nunn, 1973)

  15. History

  16. Respondent Conditioning • 1904 Pavlov wins Noble Prize in Medicine • 1913 J.B. Watson writes Behaviorists Manifesto • 1916 Little Albert • 19 43 Clark Hull: Operant & Respondent • 1958 Wolpe: reciprocal inhibition

  17. Operant Conditioning • 1938 Behavior of Organisms • 1950 Keller & Schoenfield: Principles of Psychology • 1953 Science of Human Behavior • Testing out: Sugar-milk, mmm-hmmm, Jellybeans – Allyn & Michael (1959). • 1965 Ullmann & Krasner: 1st bmod book • 1982 Iwata (Functional Analysis)

  18. Terms • Behavior Modification: The large over arching term to describe behavior principles being used to modify behavior • Behavior Therapy: Pavlov-wople orientation with cognitive focus • Behavior analysis: Operant orientation (Function)

  19. Ethics in Behavior Modification

  20. Ethical Issues for Human Services • Have goals of treatment been adequately considered? • Has choice of treatment methods been adequately considered? • Clients participation voluntary? • Subordinate client interests considered? • Adequacy of treatment been evaluated? • Confidentiality protected? • Referrals when necessary? • Therapist Qualified?

  21. Careers in Behavior Modification So you want to be a behavior modifier/analyst huh?

  22. Schools in behavior analysis • http://programs.gradschools.com/usa/applied_behavior_analysis.html • http://www.abainternational.org/sub/behaviorfield/education/accreditation/index.asp • Behavioral School Psychology • Syracuse, MSU, USM, UN-L, UO, ISU?

  23. Interesting Jobs • Most you need a masters degree • Certified as behavior analyst & Collect 3rd party pay • B.S. Marcus Institute, Kennedy Krieger, • Ph.D. • Licensed Psychologist

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