Essential Question :

1. Essential Question: • How did new inventions & improved transportation help facilitate a national market economy in the 1840s? • Take notes on the Harrison video

2. American Antebellum Changes • In the 1830s & 1840s, territorial & technological growth led to important changes in America: • Improved transportation • Rapid technological innovation • A growing national economy • Mass European immigration • Desire for transcontinental expansion (“Manifest Destiny”)

3. Westward Movement

4. What were settlers of the frontier like? • Americans continued to move westward in large numbers. The trip though, proved to have lots of difficulties, hardships, and diseases. • Westerners were (independent, stubborn, uneducated, and individualistic and ambitious in their own way).-SELF RELIANT • Emerging literature reflected these unique types of people such as James Fenimore Cooper's woodsy hero "Natty Bumpo" or Herman Melville's whale-hunting "Captain Ahab."

5. *"The westward movement also molded the physical environment." Explain. • The land was shaped by those who moved onto it. • Tobacco farmers were accustomed to "land butchery" where they'd wear out a piece of land, then just move on to find more. • "Kentucky bluegrass" began to thrive after settlers burnt off the tall cane grass. • Trapping was big business. • Fur trappers were taking a toll on the beaver population but reaping the profits of their sales. Beaver hats had become a fashion must-have back in Europe—good for the trappers, bad for the beaver. “Rendevous” • Buffalo hides also were big business and the buffalo population began to dwindle. It'd drop considerably as the 1800's wore on. • Although the land was to be used, Americans respected it and noticed its beauty. • George Catlin was an artist who painted western scenes and Native Americans. He was a first advocate of national parks and his suggestion eventually became the first national park, Yellowstone in 1872.

6. Mass Immigration Begins • From 1840 & 1860, 4 million Irish &GermansimmigratedtoAmerica • Motivations for immigration: • Most came for higher wages in northern industrial jobs • The potato blight from 1845-1854 brought 1.5 million Irish immigrants • 1 million Germans came to America. (a) crop failure (as in Ireland) (b) to flee the chaos of war in 1848. • Low fares on trans-Atlantic ships made access easier

7. Immigration to the US 1820-1860 *Where did immigrants go? Farmers Industrial workers Gold miners Cotton farming & cattle

8. Mass Immigration Begins In 1836, 4% of the Lowell Millworkers were foreign-born; By 1860 62% were foreign-born • Immigrants filled low-paying jobs in northern cities or migrated into the West to become farmers • This vast pool of cheap labor provided fuel for the U.S. Industrial Revolution in 1850s • Inthe1840s, factory labor began to shift from American women & children to immigrant men

9. Mass Immigration Begins • Low immigrant wages contributed to urban slums where poverty, disease, & crime were common • This influx of immigration led to urban reform movements: • Provided police forces, sanitized water, sewage disposal, & improved housing standards • But the immigrant poor were largely unaffected by the results Affluent city dwellers moved to America’s 1st suburbs

10. 6) Anti-Immigrant Reaction • Immigrant groups were met with prejudice (esp the Irish Catholics) & tension in 1840s & 1850s • Nativism emerged among American-born citizens: • Suspicion of the new ethnic neighborhoods & alien cultures • Led to bloody anti-Catholic riots, charges of despotism, & anti-Irish propaganda

11. Nativist propaganda targeting German & Irish immigrants Anti-Catholic “Native American” mob battling the state militia in Philadelphia in 1844

12. The Market Revolution

13. 8) The Industrial Revolution Booms • The Industrial Revolution began in England when machines and factories began to replace handmade products. It then spread to Europe and America. • America had 4 characteristics that enabled it to become an industrial powerhouse… • Cheap land. This meant there was always a shortage of labor. Why work for someone else when you could get your own land and work for yourself? • Workers. Immigration, which started to rise sharply in the 1840's, began to solve the problem of shortage of labor. • Raw materials. America was large and blessed with many resources. • Consumers. America had many people and they were just "starting out" and therefore ready to buy whatever was produced. • Still, America struggled to compete with the British in manufacturing. The U.S. simply couldn't produce goods as fast and cheap as the Brits. (Manufacturing and Transportation proved to be a barrier

14. The Industrial Revolution Booms • In the 1840s, American industrial production became more efficient: • Due to numerous industrial innovations, growth of factories, & a demand for goods from farmers in West & South • Led to an increased division of labor&urbanizationintheNorth & an increase in staple-crop commercial farming

15. Early Textile Loom Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory System”)

16. Early Industrialism • In 1815, 65% of all U.S. clothing was made by women at home in the “putting out” system • By 1840, textile manufacturing grew, especially in New England, due to a series of new inventions • The most famous factory was the Lowell Mill in Boston • Still, only 9% of Americans were involved in manufacturing “Cottage Industry” Brought families extra income

17. *Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1793 Actually invented by a slave!

18. Early Industrialism • In 1815, 65% of all U.S. clothing was made by women at home in the “putting out” system • By 1840, textile manufacturing grew, especially in New England, due to a series of new inventions • The most famous factory was the Lowell Mill in Boston • Still, only 9% of Americans were involved in manufacturing “Cottage Industry” Brought families extra income

19. Eli Whitney’s Other Critical Invention Introduced Interchangeable Rifle Parts

20. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840sSewing Machine

21. Changes in Business Policy • Limited Liability Corporation • Ensured if a company failed, investors could only lose what they invested (not everything) • Encouraged more investment • MORE GROWTH WAS THE RESULT!!

22. (Two more critical inventions of the era that have little to do with the Market Revolution) Cyrus Field’s Transatlantic Cable, 1858 Samuel Morse’s Telegraph in 1840

23. Rise of Commercial Agriculture Ohio, NY, & PA specialized in wheat while the South grew tobacco, rice, & cotton • The antebellum era saw a boom in specialized, staple-crop, “commercial” farming due to: • Lower transportation costs • New agricultural innovations like McCormick’s mechanical reaper, Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, the steel plow, thresher, & cultivator • The use of long-distance marketing & credit to sell crops

24. Workers and “Wage Slaves”

25. Wage Slaves • Side-effect of the factory system was the exploitation of workers. They came to be called "wage slaves." • Conditions in a typical factory were not good… • They were unsafe. • They were unhealthy. • Hours were long and wages were low. • Child labor was common. Childhood was short and harsh.

26. Wage Slaves • Conditions for adult workers improved during the 1820's and 30's as universal white manhood suffrage gave workers the power of the vote. • Goals: 10 Hr/day, higher Wages, better conditions, pub. Education, and humane imprisonment for debt

27. Wage Slaves* • Only attained moderate success • Strikes usually resulted in dismissal • Influx of cheap immigrant labor • “Scab” • 1840 MVB= 10 Hour/day for federal employees • Commonwealth v. Hunt

28. Women and the Economy

29. Lowell Boarding Houses The Lowell System:The 1st Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

30. Lowell Girls* What was their typical “profile?”

31. John Deere & the Steel Plow

32. Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper

33. A Revolution in Transportation

34. A Revolution in Transportation • In 1816, Henry Clay’s American System initiated federally funded “internal improvements” • TheNational Road became the 1st federal transportation project • Thousands of private turnpikes were built by entrepreneurs • Roads were useful but they did not meet the demand for low-cost, over-land transportation

35. America's 1st Turnpike: Lancaster, PA 1790 By 1832, nearly 2,400 miles of roads connected most major cities

36. Cumberland (National Road), 1811

37. Principle Canals by 1840 • Steamboats & canals stimulated commercial agriculture by providing for the free-flow of manufactured goods to the West

38. Steamboats & Canals Steamboats provided upstream shipping with reduce costs & increased speeds • Mississippi & Ohio Rivers helped farmers get their goods to the East but there was no way to get manufactured goods to the West: • Fulton’s invention of steamboats helped connect the West with Northern manufacturing • State-directed canal projects cut shipping costs by 90% between the West & the North

39. Robert Fulton’ s Steamboat The Clermont

40. The Erie Canal (1825) provided the 1st link between East & West The Erie Canal made New York City the commercial capital of the U.S.

41. Inland Freight Rates

42. The Railroad • From 1840 to 1860, the greatest new transportation advance was the expansion of railroads • In 1840s, railroads began to challenge canals’ dominance • Stimulated industrial & commercial agricultural growth • Led to new forms of finance, such as “preferred stock” & state & local gov’t subsidies

43. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

44. The Railroad Revolution, 1850s Railroad Expansion by 1860 The Expansion of Railroads by Region • Immigrant labor built railroads in the North • Slave labor built railroads in the South

45. Transportation Revolution by 1840: Rivers, Roads, Canals, & Railroads Jackson’s assault on the 2nd BUS in the 1830s, killed Clay’s “American System” but it did not stop transportation improvements

46. New England Dominance in Textiles

47. The Market Revolution • By 1840, improved transportation & innovation reduced time & cost to ship goods & allowed for a national market economy: • U.S. developed a self-sustaining national economy of commercial farming & manufactured goods • But, the U.S. economy was driven by regional specialization Northern industry Southern cotton production Western commercial farming

48. The Antebellum South Cotton production divided society in the Deep South: Large plantations with lots of slaves made good money Poor yeoman (with few or no slaves) mixed commercial & subsistence farming America in 1840

50. Slave Population, 1860 Slave Population, 1840 Slave Population, 1820