7 th Grade Standard 5.1F:

1. 7th Grade Standard 5.1F: Use reference features of printed text, such as citations, endnotes, and bibliographies to locate relevant information about a topic.

2. Citations! • Citations tell what sources an author used, and you can use them to gather more sources for your own research. • Footnotes are numbered notes that appear at the bottom, or foot, of the page. They may define unfamiliar terms, add historical information, give the source of a quotation, or direct readers to other resources. Footnotes contain valuable information that might be distracting if included in the main text. • Endnotes are like footnotes, but instead of appearing at the bottom of the page, they are collected in a section at the end of a book. (Makes sense, right?)

3. The Many Facets of Taboo (Look through these footnotes to locate additional information) The World Book Encyclopedia defines Taboo as "an action, object, person, or place forbidden by law or culture."1 An encyclopedia of the occult points out that taboo is found among many other cultures including the ancient Egyptians, Jews and others.2 Mary Douglas has analyzed the many facets and interpretations of taboos across various cultures. She points out that the word "taboo" originates from the Polynesian languages meaning a religious restriction.3 She finds that "taboos flow from social boundaries and support the social structure.“4 In reference to Freak Shows at circuses, Rothenberg makes the observation that people who possess uncommon features and who willingly go out in public to display such oddities to onlookers are acting as "modern-day taboo breakers" by crossing the "final boundary between societal acceptance and ostracism."5 In traditional British East Africa, between the time of puberty and marriage, a young Akamba girl must maintain an avoidance relationship with her own father.6 Looking at taboo in a modern society, Marvin Harris gives an interesting example of the application of cultural materialism to the Hindu taboo against eating beef.7 1Alan Dundes, "Taboo," World Book Encyclopedia. 2000 ed. 2 "Taboo," Occultopedia: Encyclopedia of Occult Sciences and Knowledge, Site created and designed by Marcus V. Gay, 18 Jan. 2005 <http://www.occultopedia.com/t/taboo.htm>. 3 Mary Douglas, "Taboo," Man, Myth & Magic, ed. Richard Cavendish, new ed., 21 vols. (New York: Cavendish, 1994) 2546. 4 Douglas 2549. 5 Kelly Rothenberg, "Tattooed People as Taboo Figures in Modern Society,“ 1996, BME / Psyber City, 18 Jan. 2005 <http://bme.freeq.com/tatoo/tattab.html>. 6 Sigmund Freud, Totem and Taboo (New York: Random, 1918) 17. 7 Marvin Harris, "The Cultural Ecology of India’s Sacred Cattle," Current Anthropology 1992, 7:51-66, qtd. in McGrath, "Ecological Anthropology," Anthropological Theories: A Guide Prepared by Students for Students 19 Oct. 2001, U. of Alabama, 18 Jan. 2005 <http://www.as.ua.edu/ant/Faculty/Murphy/ecologic.htm>.

4. Bibliography • A bibliography is a list of the books, articles, and other sources the author used to research the subject. • Each bibliographic reference typically lists the title and author of the work, as well as the place and date the work was published. • If you want to find out more about the subject of a book, the sources listed in the bibliography are a great place to start. • Your finished bibliography should be alphabetized by the first word of the entry.

5. Bibliography BIBLIOGRAPHY/WORKS CITED • Bizet’s Dream. Videotape. New York: Sony Wonder, 1998. • Clark, William W. "Gothic Art." World Book Encyclopedia. 2002.      Volume 8, pp. 284-286. • DiStefano, Vince. "Guidelines for Better Writing." [Online] Available      http://www.usa.net/~vinced/home/better-writing.html, October 5, 2002. • Fogle, Bruce. Training Your Dog. New York: DK Publishing, 2001, pp. 50-55. • "Golden Retriever." World Book Encyclopedia. 1999. Volume 8, p.255. • McGill, Kristy. "A Baltic Scramble." Faces. May, 2003, p. 27. • "Titanic Disaster." Encarta 99 Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. 1999. • Watson, Cosmo. Personal interview. July 29, 2003.