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Electric Fields in Matter. Polarization. Field of a polarized object. Electric displacement. Linear dielectrics. Conductors. Matter. Insulators/Dielectrics. All charges are attached to specific atoms/molecules and can only have a restricted motion WITHIN the atom/molecule.
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Electric Fields in Matter • Polarization • Field of a polarized object • Electric displacement • Linear dielectrics
Conductors Matter Insulators/Dielectrics All charges are attached to specific atoms/molecules and can only have a restricted motion WITHIN the atom/molecule.
When a neutral atom is placed in an external electric field (E): … positively charged core (nucleus) is pushed along E; … centre of the negatively charged cloud is pushed in the opposite direction of E; • If E is large enough ► the atom gets pulled apart completely => the atom gets IONIZED
For less extreme fields ► an equilibrium is established ……. the attraction between the nucleus and the electrons AND ……. the repulsion between them caused by E => the atom gets POLARIZED
Induced Dipole Moment: (pointing along E) Atomic Polarizability
a +q +q -q -q d E To calculate : (in a simplified model) The model: an atom consists of a point charge (+q) surrounded by a uniformly charged spherical cloud of charge (-q). At equilibrium, ( produced by the negative charge cloud)
At distance d from centre, (where v is the volume of the atom)
Prob. 4.4: A point charge q is situated a large distance r from a neutral atom of polarizability . Find the force of attraction between them. Force on q:
Alignment of Polar Molecules: Polar molecules: molecules having permanent dipole moment • when put in a uniform external field:
Alignment of Polar Molecules: • when put in a non-uniform external field: +q F+ d -q F-
+q F+ E+ d -q E- F-
For perfect dipole of infinitesimal length, the torque about the centre : the torque about any other point:
Prob. 4.9: A dipole p is a distance r from a point charge q, and oriented so that p makes an angle with the vector r from q to p. (i) What is the force onp? (ii) What is the force onq?
Polarization: When a dielectric material is put in an external field: Induced dipoles (for non-polar constituents) Aligned dipoles (for polar constituents) A lot of tiny dipoles pointing along the direction of the field
Material becomes POLARIZED A measure of this effect is POLARIZATION defined as: P dipole moment per unit volume
rs p The Field of a Polarized Object = sum of the fields produced by infinitesimal dipoles
Dividing the whole object into small elements, the dipole moment in each volume element d’ : Total potential :
Prove it ! Use a product rule :
Defining: Surface Bound Charge Volume Bound Charge
surface charge density b volume charge density b
Field/Potential of a polarized object = Field/Potential produced by a surface bound charge b + Field/Potential produced by a volume bound charge b
Physical Interpretation of Bound Charges …… are not only mathematical entities devised for calculation; but represent perfectly genuine accumulations of charge !
Surface Bound Charge d P A dielectric tube Dipole momentof the small piece: = -q +q A Surface charge density:
P A If the cut is not to P : A’ In general:
Volume Bound Charge + + + _ _ _ _ _ + + _ _ _ _ + + A non-uniform polarization accumulation of bound charge within the volume diverging P pile-up of negative charge +
= Net accumulated charge with a volume Opposite to the amount of charge pushed out of the volume through the surface
z P R Field of a uniformly polarized sphere Choose: z-axis || P P is uniform
Potential of a uniformly polarized sphere: (Prob. 4.12) Potential of a polarized sphere at a field point ( r ): P is uniform P is constant in each volume element
Total dipole moment of the sphere: (potential due to a dipole at the origin)
Uniformly polarized sphere – A physical analysis Without polarization: Two spheres of opposite charge, superimposed and canceling each other With polarization: The centers get separated, with the positive sphere moving slightly upward and the negative sphere slightly downward
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + - d - - - - - - - - At the top a cap of LEFTOVER positive charge and at the bottom a cap of negative charge Bound Surface Charge b
- _ _ d + + + Recall: Pr. 2.18 Two spheres , each of radius R, overlap partially.
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + - d - - - - - - - - Electric field in the region of overlap between the two spheres For an outside point:
Prob. 4.10: A sphere of radius R carries a polarization where k is a constant and r is the vector from the center. (i) Calculate the bound charges b and b. (ii) Find the field inside and outside the sphere.
The Electric Displacement Polarization Accumulation of Bound charges Total field = Field due to bound charges + field due to free charges
Gauss’ Law in the presence of dielectrics Within the dielectric the total charge density: free charge bound charge caused by polarization NOT a result of polarization
Gauss’ Law : Electric Displacement ( D ) :
Boundary Conditions: On normal components: On tangential components:
Linear Dielectrics Recall: Cause of polarization is an Electric field For some material (if E is not TOO strong) Electric susceptibility of the medium Total field due to (bound + free) charges
In a dielectric material, if e is independent of : Location ► Homogeneous ► Linear Magnitude of E ► Isotropic Direction of E
In linear (& isotropic) dielectrics; Permittivity of the material The dimensionless quantity: Relative permittivity or Dielectric constant of the material
Electric Constitutive Relations and / or Represent the behavior of materials