Overview of Different Types of Values

1. Overview of DifferentTypes of Values

2. What I’m Going to Do • Discuss Different Values • Ask LOTS of Questions • Get You to Think of the Answers

3. Value • Social -- the principles, standards, or quality which guides human actions • Economic -- the market or estimated worth of commodities

4. Social Values • The quality (positive or negative) that renders something desirable or valuable From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values

5. Social Values • The quality (positive or negative) that renders something desirable or valuable • Principles, standards or qualities considered worthwhile or desirable by the person who holds them. From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values

6. Social Values • The quality (positive or negative) that renders something desirable or valuable • Principles, standards or qualities considered worthwhile or desirable by the person who holds them. • Those qualities of behavior, thought, and character that society regards as being intrinsically good, having desirable results, and worthy of emulation by others. From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values

7. Social Values • The quality (positive or negative) that renders something desirable or valuable • Principles, standards or qualities considered worthwhile or desirable by the person who holds them. • Those qualities of behavior, thought, and character that society regards as being intrinsically good, having desirable results, and worthy of emulation by others. • Values are our subjective reactions to the world around us. They guide and mold our options and behavior. Values have three important characteristics. • Developed early in life and are very resistant to change. • Define what is right and what is wrong. • Cannot be proved correct or incorrect, valid or invalid, right or wrong. Values tell what we should believe, regardless of any evidence or lack thereof. From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values

8. Economic Values • Does Price = Value? • Assumes perfectly competitive market • Many buyers and sellers • Perfect knowledge • Homogeneous products • All resources are mobile • Free entry/exit from market

9. Social and Economic Value • How well does Market Price approximate Economic Value? • Does Social Value equal Economic Value? • How do we reconcile? • Economists use Willingness-to-Pay to approximate value, what do sociologists use?

10. Different Values • Market and Nonmarket • Use and Nonuse • Option, Bequest, Existence • Economic and Social • Is economic value a subset of social value?

11. Why are Values Important? • Why do agencies want to know values of ecosystem services? • Allocation of their scarce resources (labor and capital) to provide the mix of goods and services society values.

12. Allocation • How do you weight different uses? • Market goods and services – relative prices give weights • Weights change • Nonmarket goods and services • What weights • How comparable

13. Wallowa-Whitman National Forest

14. How much wilderness is enough? • Society “values” wilderness characteristics • First Wilderness Area (best characteristics) designated – most valuable • Is the next area as valuable to society? • How about the next? And the one after that?

15. Areas with Wilderness Potential • Alternative uses • Wilderness • Backcountry recreation • Development • How do you decide which values are most important? • Marginal valuation

16. To Subdivide or Not

17. Ranchettes • Know there is a market value for the small acreage parcel • Know there is a desire to not have land broken up • Market value of intact area • Social values • Values placed on Ecological characteristics

18. Ranchettes • So which set of values dominate? • Why would the landowner enter into a conservation easement? • Is it only $ of the easement? • Is location important? Timing?

19. Choices This or This?

20. Questions to Ponder • Can you add up market and nonmarket values? • How much wilderness (biodiversity, water quality) is enough? • If fishing in the trout pond outside the lodge is worth $X, is all fishing worth $X? • Does everything have to put in dollar terms?

21. Questions to Ponder • What is the trade-off between a tangible (market) good and an intangible (nonmarket) service if they are competitive? Antagonistic?

22. Questions to Ponder • How do you compare an economic value expressed in $ with a social value expressed in “I want more …”? • Which one affects ecological processes more?

23. Indicators and Values 27. Value of forage harvested from rangeland by livestock 28. Value of production of non-livestock products produced from rangeland 54. Public beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral intentions towards natural resources

24. Adding Up • Discussed many times – How do we avoid double, triple, quadruple counting? • Is that important for the Indicator work? • Do we really need a common metric ($)? • What do private landowners and public land managers respond to? • What values are important?

25. Adding Up • In terms of conceptual model • Ecosystem Services used • Some have $ values, others just social values • Important issues are whether either value affects the ecological or human subsystems and how • Are “market” imperfections the cause?

26. Values and SRR • Back to the beginning! • Indicators meant to be “valueless” – things we monitor • Common data set that each individual will view differently depending on their own value set