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Chapter Three

Chapter Three. Network Protocols. Chapter Objectives. Identify the characteristics of TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, NetBIOS, and AppleTalk Understand the position of network protocols in the OSI Model Identify the core protocols of each protocol suite and its functions

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Chapter Three

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  1. Chapter Three Network Protocols

  2. Chapter Objectives • Identify the characteristics of TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, NetBIOS, and AppleTalk • Understand the position of network protocols in the OSI Model • Identify the core protocols of each protocol suite and its functions • Understand each protocol’s addressing scheme • Install protocols on Windows 95 and Windows NT clients

  3. Introduction to Protocols • Protocols • Rules a network uses to transfer data • Protocols that can span more than one LAN segment are routable • Multiprotocol Network • Network using more than one protocol

  4. TCP/IP • Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) • Suite of small, specialized protocols called subprotocols OSI Model TCP/IP FIGURE 3-1 TCP/IP compared to the OSI Model

  5. TCP/IP Versus OSI

  6. TCP/IP Compared to theOSI Model • Application layer roughly corresponds to Application and Presentation layers • Transport layer roughly corresponds to Session and Transport layers • Internet layer is equivalent to the Network layer • Network Interface layer roughly corresponds to Data Link and Physical layers

  7. TCP/IP Core Protocols • Subprotocols of the TCP/IP suite • In addition to its subprotocols, the TCP/IP suite featuresrouting protocols • Assist routers in efficiently managing information flow

  8. Internet Protocol (IP) • Provides information about how and where data should be delivered • Subprotocol enabling TCP/IP to internetwork • Traverse more than one LAN segment and more than one type of network through a router • Subnets • The individual networks joined together by routers in an internetwork

  9. Internet Protocol (IP) • IP Datagram • IP portion of a TCP/IP frame that acts as an envelope for data • Contains information necessary for routers to transfer data between subnets FIGURE 3-2 Components of an IP datagram

  10. Internet Protocol (IP) • IP does not guarantee delivery of data • Connectionless • Allows the protocol to service a request without requesting a verified session and without guaranteeing delivery of data

  11. Transport Control Protocol (TCP) • Provides reliable data delivery services • Connection oriented • Requires the establishment of a connection between communicating nodes before the protocol will transmit data • TCP segment • Holds the TCP data fields • Becomes encapsulated by the IP datagram

  12. Transport Control Protocol (TCP) • Port • Address on host where an application makes itself available to incoming data FIGURE 3-3 A TCP segment

  13. Additional Core Protocols of the TCP/IP Suite • User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • A connectionless transport service • Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) • Notifies the sender that something has gone wrong in the transmission process and that packets were not delivered

  14. Additional Core Protocols of the TCP/IP Suite • Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) • Obtains the MAC address of a host or node • Creates a local database mapping the MAC address to the host’s IP address

  15. TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols • Telnet is used to log on to remote hosts using TCP/IP Protocol • File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is used to send and receive files via TCP/IP • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)is responsible for moving messages from one e-mail server to another, using the Internet and other TCP/IP-based networks • Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) manages devices on a TCP/IP network

  16. Addressing in TCP/IP • IP Address • Logical address used in TCP/IP networking • Unique 32-bit number • Divided into four groups of octets (8-bit bytes) • Separated by periods

  17. Addressing in TCP/IP • Though 8 bits have 256 possible combinations, only the numbers 1 through 254 are used to identify networks and hosts • Numbers 0 and 255 are reserved for broadcasts • Transmissions to all stations on a network TABLE 3-1 Commonly used TCP/IP classes

  18. Addressing in TCP/IP • Loopback address • IP address reserved for communicating from a node to itself • Value of the loopback address is always 127.0.0.1 • InterNIC • Authority for Internet IP addressing and domain name registration • Also known as Network Solutions

  19. Addressing in TCP/IP • Firewall • Specialized device • Selectively filters or blocks traffic between networks • May be strictly hardware-based or may involve a combination of hardware and software • Host • Computer connected to a network using the TCP/IP protocol

  20. Addressing in TCP/IP • In IP address 131.127.3.22, to convert the first octet (131) to a binary number: • On Windows 95, click Start, point to Programs, point to Accessories, then click Calculator • Click View, then click Scientific (make sure Dec option button is selected) • Type 131, then click Bin option button • The binary number 131, 10000011, appears in the display window

  21. Addressing in TCP/IP • Static IP address • IP address manually assigned to a device • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol protocol • Application layer protocol • Manages the distribution of IP addresses on a network

  22. Viewing IP Information • On a Windows 95 workstation connected to a network • Click Start, then click Run • Type winipcfg • Click OK • Click More Info • Click OK to close window FIGURE 3-4 Example of an IP configuration window

  23. Viewing IP Information • On a Windows NT workstation • Click Start, point to Programs, then click MS-DOS Prompt • Type ipconfig/all FIGURE 3-5 IP address information on a Windows NT workstation

  24. Addresses and Names • In addition to using IP addresses, TCP/IP networks use names for networks and hosts • Each host requires a host name • Each network requires a network name, also called a domain name • Symbolic name that identifies and Internet domain

  25. IPX/SPX • Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX) • Protocol originally developed by Xerox • Modified and adopted by Novell in the 1980s for the NetWare network operating system FIGURE 3-6 IPX/SPX compared to the OSI Model

  26. IPX/SPX Core Protocols • Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) • Provides routing and internetworking services • Similar to IP in TCP/IP suite FIGURE 3-7 Components of an IPX datagram

  27. IPX/SPX Core Protocols • Sequence Packet Exchange (SPX) • Works in tandem with IPX to ensure data are received: • Whole • In sequence • Error free

  28. SPX FIGURE 3-8 SPX packet encapsulated by an IPX datagram

  29. IPX/SPX Core Protocols • Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) • Runs directly over IPX • Used by NetWare servers and routers to advertise to entire network which services they can provide • NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) • Handles requests for services between clients and servers

  30. Addressing in SPX/IPX • IPX address • An address assigned to a device on an IPX/SPX network • Contains two parts • Network address (external network number) • Node address

  31. Viewing the IPX Address • With Windows 95, Windows 98, or Windows NT workstations while connected to Netware server running version 4.0 or higher • Click Start, point to Programs, then click MS-DOS Prompt • Change directories to a drive letter mapped to the network • Type nlist XXXXX /a (with XXXXX being NetWare user logon ID)

  32. Viewing the IPX Address • With Windows 95 or Windows NT workstations while connected to NetWare server running a version lower than 4.0 • Click Start, point to Programs, then click MS-DOS Prompt • Type userlist user=XXXXX/a (with XXXXX being NetWare logon ID)

  33. NetBIOS and NetBEUI • Network Basic Input Output System (NetBIOS) • Originally designed by IBM to provide Transport and Session layer services • Adopted by Microsoft as its foundation protocol • Microsoft added Application layer component called NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface (NetBEUI)

  34. NetBEUI • Fast and efficient protocol • Consumes few network resources • Provides excellent error correction • Requires little configuration

  35. NetBIOS and NetBEUI Compared to the OSI Model FIGURE 3-9 NetBIOS/NetBEUI compared to the OSI Model

  36. NetBIOS Addressing • Viewing a workstation’s NetBIOS name • Right-click the Network Neighborhood icon, then click Properties • Click the Identification tab FIGURE 3-10 Identification tab in Network properties

  37. AppleTalk • Protocol suite used to interconnect Macintosh computers • Originally designed to support peer-to-peer networking among Macintoshes • Can now be routed between network segments and integrated with NetWare- and Microsoft-based networks

  38. AppleTalk • AppleTalk zone • Logical groups of computers defined on an AppleTalk network • Enables users to share file and print services FIGURE 3-11 AppleTalk protocol compared to OSI Model

  39. AppleTalk Subprotocols • AppleShare • AppleTalk Filing Protocol (AFP) • AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP) • AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP)

  40. AppleTalk Subprotocols • Name Binding Protocol (NBP) • Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP) • Zone Information Protocol (ZIP) • Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP)

  41. Addressing in AppleTalk • AppleTalk node ID • Unique 8-bit or 16-bit number identifying a computer on an AppleTalk network • AppleTalk network number • Unique 16-bit number identifying the network to which an AppleTalk node is connected

  42. Installing Protocols • After installing protocols, they must be binded • Binding • Process of assigning one network component to work with another

  43. Installing Protocols on a Windows NT Workstation • Insert Windows NT installation CD-ROM • Log on to the workstation as an Administrator • Right-click the Network Neighborhood icon, then click Properties • Click Protocols tab • Click Add • In list of network protocols, click NWLink IPX/SPX Compatible Transport, then click OK • Type the appropriate path to the installation files, then click Continue

  44. Installing Protocols on a Windows NT Workstation • Click OK • Click Yes to restart your workstation • Verify protocol was installed by again logging to workstation as an Administrator • Right-click the Network Neighborhood icon, then click Properties • Click the Protocols tab • Verify NWLink (IPX/SPX) Protocol appears in list of installed protocols • Click Cancel to close dialog box

  45. Installing Protocols on a Windows 95 Workstation • Right-clickNetwork Neighborhoodicon, then click Properties • Verify Configuration tab is selected • Click Add • Double-click Protocol • In the list of manufacturers, click Microsoft • In list of protocols, click TCP/IP

  46. Installing Protocols on a Windows 95 Workstation • Click OK • If TCP/IP is not already installed on workstation, follow prompt and click Yes to restart your computer • Verify protocol was installed by right-clicking Network Neighborhood icon, then click Properties • Verify Configuration tab is selected • Click Cancel to close window

  47. Chapter Summary • Protocols define the standards for communication between nodes on a network • Protocols vary in speed, transmission efficiency, utilization of resources, ease of setup, compatibility, and ability to travel between one LAN segment or another • TCP/IP is fast becoming most popular network protocol • TCP/IP suite of protocols can be divided into four layers roughly corresponding to the seven layers of the OSI Model

  48. Chapter Summary • Operating in Transport or Network layers of OSI Model, TCP/IP core protocols provide communications between hosts on a network • Internet Protocol (IP) provides information about how and where data should be delivered • Transport Control Protocol (TCP) provides reliable data delivery services • User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a connectionless transport service • Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) notifies the sender that something has gone wrong in the transmission process and that packets were not delivered

  49. Chapter Summary • Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) obtains the MAC address of a host or node then Creates a local database mapping the MAC address to the host’s IP address • Each IP address is a unique 32-bit number, divided into four groups of octets separated by periods • Range of addresses beginning with 127 is reserved for loopback information • Every host on a network must have a unique number • Internetworking Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPE/SPE) is a protocol originally developed by Xerox then modified and adopted by Novell in the 1980s for its NetWare NOS

  50. Chapter Summary • Core protocols of IPX/SPX provide services at Transport and Network layers of OSI Model • Internet Packet Exchange provides routing and internetwork services similar to IP in TCP/IP suite • Sequence Packet Exchange (SPX) works in tandem with IPX to ensure data are received whole, in sequence, and error free • Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) is used by NetWare servers and routers to advertise to entire network which services they can provide • NetWare Control Protocol (NCP) handles requests for services between clients and servers

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