CHAPTER 16

1. CHAPTER 16 Cost Allocation: Joint Products and Byproducts

2. Joint Cost Terminology • Joint Costs – costs of a single production process that yields multiple products simultaneously. • Splitoff Point – the place in a joint production process where two or more products become separately identifiable • Separable Costs – all costs incurred beyond the splitoff point that are assignable to each of the now-identifiable specific products

3. Joint Cost Terminology • Categories of Joint Process Outputs: • Outputs with a positive sales value • Outputs with a zero sales value • Product – any output with a positive sales value, or an output that enables a firm to avoid incurring costs • Value can be high or low

4. Joint Cost Terminology • Main Product – output of a joint production process that yields one product with a high sales value compared to the sales values of the other outputs • Joint Products – outputs of a joint production process that yields two or more products with a high sales value compared to the sales values of any other outputs

5. Joint Cost Terminology • Byproducts – outputs of a joint production process that have low sales values compare to the sales values of the other outputs

6. Examples of Joint Cost Situations

7. Joint Process Overview

8. Reasons for Allocating Joint Costs • Required for GAAP and taxation purposes • Cost values may be used for evaluation purposes • Cost-based Contracting • Insurance Settlements • Required by regulators • Litigation

9. Joint Cost Allocation Methods • Market-Based – allocate using market-derived data (dollars): • Sales value at splitoff • Net Realizable Value (NRV) • Constant Gross-Margin percentage NRV • Physical Measures – allocate using tangible attributes of the products, such as pounds, gallons, barrels, etc

10. Sales Value at Splitoff Method • Uses the sales value of the entire production of the accounting period to calculate allocation percentage • Ignores inventories

11. Joint Cost Illustration Data

12. Joint Cost Illustration Overview

13. Sales Value at Splitoff Illustration

14. Net Realizable Value Method • Allocates joint costs to joint products on the basis of relative NRV of total production of the joint products • NRV = Final Sales Value – Separable Costs

15. Net Realizable Value Method Overview

16. Net Realizable Value Method Illustrated

17. Net Realizable Value Method Illustrated

18. Constant Gross Margin NRV Method • Allocates joint costs to joint products in an way that the overall gross-margin percentage is identical for the individual products • Joint Costs are calculated as a residual amount

19. Constant Gross Margin NRV Illustrated

20. Physical-Measure Method • Allocates joint costs to joint products on the basis of the relative weight, volume, or other physical measure at the splitoff point of total production of the products

21. Physical Measures Illustration

22. Method Selection • If selling price at splitoff is available, use the Sales Value at Splitoff Method • If selling price at splitoff is not available, use the NRV method • If simplicity is the primary consideration, Physical-Measures Method or the Constant Gross-Margin Method could be used • Despite this, some firms choose not to allocate joint costs at all

23. Sell-or-Process Further Decisions • In Sell-or-Process Further decisions, joint costs are irrelevant. Joint products have been produced, and a prospective decision must be made: to sell immediately or process further and sell later. • Joint Costs are sunk • Separable Costs need to be evaluated for relevance individually

24. Sell-or-Process Further Flowchart

25. Byproducts • Two methods for accounting for byproducts • Production Method – recognizes byproduct inventory as it is created, and sales and costs at the time of sale • Sales Method – recognizes no byproduct inventory, and recognizes only sales at the time of sales: byproduct costs are not tracked separately

26. Byproducts Illustration Overview

27. Comparative Income Statements for Accounting for Byproducts