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Memory

Memory. Memory. = any indication that learning has persisted over time Human memory is selective and reconstructive We add, delete, and change elements of our memory in order to make sense of the world around us In other words, memory is NOT like a video recorder

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Memory

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  1. Memory

  2. Memory = any indication that learning has persisted over time • Human memory is selective and reconstructive • We add, delete, and change elements of our memory in order to make sense of the world around us • In other words, memory is NOT like a video recorder • We can forget, misremember, and even confabulate events.

  3. Memory • We do not know exactly how memory happens • Use models to help us understand • Three Box (Information Processing) Model • Levels of Processing Model • Neither model is perfect!

  4. Information Processing Model • “Three Box Model” • Atkinson-Shiffrin • There are three stages that information must pass through before it is stored as memory: • Sensory Memory • Short-Term (Working) Memory • Long-Term Memory

  5. Information Processing Model

  6. Information Processing Model

  7. Sensory Memory • Split-second holding tank • Held in Memory for < 1 second. • Encoding = turning information into a form that can be stored by the brain • Electrical impulses • Iconic Memory • Sensory memory for visual information • Asplit-second perfect photograph of a scene • Experiments performed by George Sperling (‘60)

  8. Iconic Memory • Sperling (‘60) • Showed participants a grid of letters • Patients were asked to recall as many items as possible • Using a new procedure he developed, partial report, Sperling found participants could recall around 75% of the 12 letters. • You Try!

  9. Sensory Memory • Echoic memory • split-second memory for sounds • Most of the information in sensory memory is not encoded • Otherwise we would be easily overwhelmed • Selective attention determines which sensory messages get encoded

  10. Short-Term Memory • Information we are currently working with • consciously • Limited by: • Duration = 10 to 30 seconds • Capacity (average) = 7 items (+/- 2) • Events are encoded as: • visual codes • acoustic codes • semantic codes (meaning)

  11. Short-Term Memory • Activity: • How many items can you remember?

  12. Short-Term Memory • Rehearsal or simple repetition can hold information in short-term memory Improving Short-Term Memory • Chunking= organizing items into familiar, manageable units • Often occurs automatically • Mnemonics=memory aids • e.g: Roy G Biv • Colours of the rainbow!

  13. Mnemonics • Activity: 1584 9474 8473 2652 3932 4865 6398 3242 8423 9748 2379

  14. Long-Term Memory • Permanent storage • Capacity is unlimited • BUT, memories can decay or fade over time • Stored in three different formats: • Episodic • Semantic • Procedural

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