Agenda: 5/14

1. Agenda: 5/14 • Grab a sheet from the basket! • Order of Operations: • ATP Notes • Cell Transport Review • Finish Homeostasis Lab • Reminders: 3rd section of vocab project due 5/24!

2. How does your body get energy?

3. EATING! When we eat, our food is broken down in our bodies to get energy out of it.

4. What is energy? the ability to do work

5. What does energy look like in your cells? In cells, energy is stored in the form of ATP!

6. ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate One big molecule that is made of 5 smaller molecules bonded together. Adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups

7. How does ATP give cells energy? ATP breaks apart and releases its energy. ENERGY!!!

8. When ATP breaks apart, it releases energy and loses a phosphate group. That means that it is now ADP

9. So, after ATP breaks apart and releases its energy, then what happens? Energy ATP ?????? ADP

10. It is recharged ADP uses energy and gains an extra P and is recharged back to ATP ADP ATP Energy Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery

11. What happens to a phosphate bond when energy is… Released? Phosphate bond is broken Stored? Phosphate bond is formed

12. What is photosynthesis? • Process that uses the sun’s energy to make glucose (food for the plant) • Performed in: Green plants and some bacteria • Occurs in the chloroplasts of the plant cell

13. PHOTOSYNTHESIS formula 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon dioxide water glucose oxygen

14. Rate of photosynthesis The rate (speed) at which a plant performs photosynthesis is based on a number of things: • # of reactants • More reactants yields more products • Temperature and pH • Recall that enzymes are directly impacted by these factors! • Light • No light=no photosynthesis

15. Cellular respiration Energy in the Cell

16. What is cellular respiration? • Process where molecules of glucose are broken down to make CO2, water, and ATP • Occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotes

17. Respiration formula C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP glucose oxygen carbon dioxide water energy

18. Cellular Respiration • The point of cellular respiration is to make ATP! • ATP is ENERGY • All organisms require energy to live (movement, cell division, active transport, etc…) Adenine Three phosphates Ribose

19. Photosynthesis and Respiration • What do you notice about the relationship between the two processes?

20. Aerobic vs. anaerobic respiration Comparing Energy Processes

21. Aerobic Respiration • Aerobic respiration takes place in the presence of oxygen • This is most efficient-can produce up to 38 ATP per glucose! • Carried out in the mitochondria

22. But what if oxygen isn’t available?

23. Anaerobic Respiration • Anaerobic Respiration (fermentation) occurs when oxygen is NOT present • Less efficient-only 2 ATP produced! • Occurs in anaerobic bacteria, yeast, and muscle cells • Carried out in the cytoplasm

24. What is fermentation? Alcoholic Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation Occurs in muscle cells, bacteria Makes Lactic Acid • Occurs in bacteria, yeast • Makes Ethanol (alcohol) • Used in making bread, wine, and beer

25. Case study: muscle cramps • Anaerobic respiration can occur in muscle cells during vigorous physical activity • Once your cells begin to lack sufficient oxygen, they will switch to lactic acid fermentation • Lactic acid buildup and muscle fatigue leads to cramping!

26. Aerobic vs. anaerobic

27. Anaerobic respiration cont… • For BOTH ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION & LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION, answer the following questions… • 1. is oxygen required? • 2. amount of ATP produced • 3. Organism where it occurs • 4. Where it occurs in the cell • 5. What it produces • Also, include ONE ILLUSTRATION for each side

28. Midterm review questions!

29. Which of the following is true of enzymes? • They act on nonspecific, randomly chosen substrates • After a reaction, they cannot be reused • They can speed up metabolic processes in the body • They cannot change the shape

30. Which of the following is the correct function of a ribosome? • A. convert food to energy the cell can use • B. use sunlight energy and CO2 to produce glucose • C. protein synthesis • D. break down old organelles and waste products in the cell

31. At which site on an enzyme do substrates bind and react? • Reaction site • Regulatory site • Active site • Catalysis site

32. Cellular respiration uses one molecule of glucose to produce: • 2 ATP • 34 ATP • 36 ATP • 38 ATP

33. BONUS QUESTION NEXT!!

34. The folded interior of the mitochondria is called …

35. Which of the following is A difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? • A. prokaryotic cells are small and simple, eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex • B. prokaryotic cells are large and complex, and eukaryotic cells are small and simple • C. prokaryotic cells contain membrane bound organelles and eukaryotic cells don’t • D. prokaryotic cells make up multicellular organisms, and eukaryotic cells make up unicellular organisms

36. To which class of organic compounds do enzymes belong? • Proteins • Fatty acids • Nucleic acids • Monosaccharides

37. Which is a difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration? • Anaerobic respiration requires oxygen • Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen • Anaerobic respiration occurs only at the cellular level • Anaerobic respiration only occurs outside of the cell

38. Which two organelles are found only in plant cells? • A. centrioles, lysosomes • B. centrioles, cell wall • C. cell wall, chloroplasts • D. chloroplasts, lysosomes

39. How does an enzyme speed up chemical reactions? • By absorbing energy • By releasing energy • By decreasing the energy needed • By increasing the energy needed

40. Many enzymes in the human body function best at 37 degrees Celsius. What is the most likely result of a great increase in body temp? • Enzymes become hormones • Enzymes become denatured • Enzymes become more active • Enzymes become more sluggish

41. How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions? • A. they increase the activation energy • B. they are used up in a reaction • C. they are used once • D. they lower the activation energy

42. How does the amount of energy resulting from fermentation compare with that of aerobic respiration? • Aerobic respiration results in less energy • Aerobic respiration results in more energy • Each process results in equal energy • Each process results in variable amounts of energy

43. Which of the following is a correct function of proteins? • A. they serve as an energy source • B. they serve as function and structural components • C. they carry the genetic code • D. they store long term energy

44. Which most directly controls the rate at which food is broken down to release energy? • Enzymes • Hormones • Nucleic acids • Vitamins

45. Which two organic compounds consist of C, H, and O? • A. carbs and proteins • B. carbs and lipids • C. proteins and lipids • D. proteins and nucleic acids

46. Which of these is a product of photosynthesis and a requirement for cellular respiration? • Carbon dioxide • Glucose • Water • Sunlight

47. Which is a waste product of photosynthesis? • Carbon dioxide • Glucose • Oxygen • Water

48. BIOFACTS 3.7 3/6 • PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC? • 19. Bacteria • 20. can be unicellular or multicellular • 21. plants, animals, fungi, protists • NAME THAT ORGANELLE: • 22. protein synthesis = • 23. site of photosynthesis = • 24. converts food to cellular energy = • 25. controls what enters and leaves the cell =

49. Biofacts 4.2 3/12 • What do the following terms stand for? • CO2 • H2O • O2 • C6H1206 • ATP • Write out the formula for photosynthesis. • Write out the formula for cellular respiration. • What is the relationship between the reactants and products of photosynthesis and respiration?

50. Bellringer-3/16/15 • Explain the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Which evolved first? How do you know? • Write out the formula for photosynthesis. • Write out the formula for cellular respiration.