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When to Collect Data • Beginning/Baseline • Examine student performance prior to intervention • May include interventions currently in place • During Interventions • Current performance with intervention(s) in place • Results can be compared to baseline data • Post-Intervention • Evaluate maintenance & generalization of skills • If new problem behavior(s) occur
Define Target Behavior(s) Operational Definition: • An operational definition is an accurate and clearly stated description of behavior. It should be observable and measureable, and should be agreed upon by those involved in changing the behavior. • Other features: • Has a clear beginning & ending • Is repeatable
Data Collection Methods • Who will be collecting it? • Where will it be collected? How often? • Permanent products • Data Sheets • Data notebook • Clipboard • Video
Indirect Assessment Uses interviews, checklists, or rating scales from people familiar with the student. Student is not observed. • Functional Analysis Screening Tool (FAST) • Iwata & DeLeon (1996) • Motivation Assessment Scale(MAS) • Durand & Crimmins (1992) • Functional Assessment Checklist for Teachers and Staff (FACTS) • March, Horner, Lewis-Palmer, Brown , Crone, Todd & Carr (2000) • Functional Assessment Interview (FAI) • O’Neill et al., (1997)
Direct Assessment Involves directobservation of behavior, made under naturally occurring conditions. • A-B-C • Frequency • Duration • Interval • Latency
Frequency & Rate • Frequency: Tally of number of occurrences • Rate: Number of occurrences per unit of time • When to Use: • Evaluating changes in responding • Clear beginning & end to behavior • Short duration • Considering increasing or decreasing occurrences • When Not to Use: • Behavior occurs at very high rate (i.e., pencil taps) • Occurs for extended periods of time (i.e., out of seat)
Collecting Frequency Data • Data Sheet: • Hand clicker/counter • Masking tape • Paperclip pocket switch • Rubberband • Index card
Duration • Definition: Amount of time the the behavior occurs. • When to Use: • Primary concern is length of time • Total time or time per occurrence • ↑ ↓ time behavior occurs • Clear beginning & end
Collecting Duration Data • Data Sheet: • Duration per occurrence / Total Duration ? • Timer / Stopwatch • Personal watch • Classroom clock • Smartphone
Strengths Easy to collect More accurate Gives better global picture: # of occurrences & time Weaknesses Behavior has to have clear beginning & end Difficult for high rate behaviors Duration
Interval Data • Documents whether a behavior occurred during a particular time period (a.k.a. “interval”) • Recommended length of intervals: • 30 seconds • 1-minute maximum • Data leads to a % • Example: % of time on-task
Collecting Interval Data • Data Sheet (3 options): • Whole Interval • Partial Interval • Momentary Time Sampling • Timer / Stopwatch • Personal watch • Classroom clock • Smartphone • MotivAider • Gym Boss • Wobl Watch
Whole Interval • An observation period is divided into equal time intervals • Record behavior if present the entire interval: • Is occurring at the beginning of the interval • Continues throughout the interval • Is occurring at the end of the interval Option A Option B
Whole Interval • Calculate % of intervals behavior occurred in • Weaknesses • Underestimates
Partial Interval • Observation period divided into equal time intervals • Record behavior if occurring any time during the interval Option A Option B
Partial Interval • Calculate % of intervals the behavior occurred in • Weaknesses • Only estimates behavior’s frequency • Overestimates
Momentary Time Sampling Data Sheet • Observation period divided into equal time intervals • Observer records behavior if occurring at end of interval Option A Option B
Momentary Time Sampling • Calculate the percentage of intervals the behavior occurred in • Strengths • Collect data on multiple students at once • No continuous observation • Best for continuous or long duration behaviors • Weaknesses • Misses behavior instances • Not recommended for low frequency, short duration behaviors • Underestimates
Latency • Measure of elapsed time from when an instruction is given & when the student responds/complies. “Please sit down” Student sits • Other examples: • Time between a question & the student’s response • Time between being shown a word and pronouncing it • To decrease: • Delay in following directions, delay in responding to others • To increase: • Incorrect answers (not waiting for question/direction to be finished), retaliation without think time 42 seconds
Antecedent-Behavior–Consequence (A-B-C) • Direct observation to describe relationship between behavior (B) & events occurring before & after A = Antecedent B = Behavior C = Consequence • Recorded only when a behavior of interest occurs, such as non-compliance • Be specific & objective, avoiding emotional terms, such as “upset.”
Setting Events • Immediate circumstances that influence whether or not an antecedent (A) will result in the target behavior (B) • Includes: temperature, health-related, location, person involved
ABC Examples Consequences can become antecedents that trigger additional behaviors
Data Collection: How Long? • It depends… • Typically collect until data are stable • Three or more data points generally needed • Variability? • Unsafe or extreme behaviors, waiting for data to stabilize may not be possible
Why Graph Behavior Data? • Summarizes information over days/weeks, versus looking through stacks of data sheets • Displays the effectiveness of an intervention • Encourages independent judgment & interpretation
Apps • R+ Reminder ($1.99): Similar to MotivAider https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/r+remind/id411724921?mt=8 • Elapsed (free): Set multiple timers at once https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/timers-elapsed-multiple-timer/id427926864?mt=8 • Time Timer ($2.99): Like the device, gives visual display of time passing https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/time-timer/id332520417?mt=8 • Repeat Timer ($1.99): Set up to 3 separate repeating timers http://www.repeattimerapp.com/
Online Resources • The Iris Center • http://iris.peabody.vanderbilt.edu/ • T.A.R.G.E.T. • http://www.txautism.net/target-texas-autism-resource-guide-for-effective-teaching • Evidence-Based Practices Briefs • http://autismpdc.fpg.unc.edu/content/briefs