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MR LIPMAN’S APUS POWERPOINT

Explore the events leading to America's entry into WWI, Wilson's strategies, and the aftermath. Learn about the impact on society, propaganda, laws passed, and key movements during the war.

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MR LIPMAN’S APUS POWERPOINT

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  1. MR LIPMAN’S APUS POWERPOINT Chapter 30 WWI and Woodrow Wilson

  2. KEYS TO THE CHAPTER • Isolationism • Socialism Fear • Zimmerman Telegraph • Unrestricted Submarine Warfare by Germany • Wilson’s 14 Points • Treaty of Versailles • League of Nations

  3. The Road to Entry into the War 1/31/17 Germany announced unrestricted submarine warfare against all ships sailing into war zone – including American • Germany was losing war and British Blockade was starving its citizens – wants to knock Britain out of war before USA can enter

  4. March 1, 1917 - Zimmermann telegraph note • A secret note from German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann sent to Mexico, proposing a German-Mexican alliance • Mexico told that if successful, they could recover their lost territories in the southwest (Texas, New Mexico, Arizona) Same Month Germany attacks and sinks 4 US Merchant Ships and Wilson asks Congress to arm Merchant Ships

  5. March 1917 - the Russian Revolution • Russia briefly became democratic when the tsar was overthrown • The US could now fight war for “democracy” with a newly democratic ally (along with the other democratic allies, Britain and France) APRIL 2ND WILSON ASKS CONGRESS FOR A DECLARATION OF WAR TO MAKE WORLD “SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY” {some vote against it}

  6. January 8, 1918 - Wilson delivered his Fourteen Points speech to Congress • Primary purpose to keep Russia in the war and inspire allies to keep fighting • The most important of the 14 points • Abolish secret treaties • Freedom of the seas • Removal of economic barriers among nations • Reduction of armaments • Adjustment of colonial claims • “self determination” for minority groups in a country • League of Nations

  7. George Creel starts propaganda campaign to get the public behind war effort. Posters are the biggest effort. • Anti-German hysteria • Some violence against German Americans • German books taken off library shelves • German language classes canceled in schools • Some German items became renamed (sauerkraut was renamed “liberty cabbage”; hamburger was renamed “liberty steak”)

  8. Part of Propagandaeffort

  9. The Espionage Act(1917) and Sedition Act(1918) used by government to stop criticism of the war • Espionage Act (1917) • Provided imprisonment up to 20 years for persons who either tried to incite rebellion or obstruct the operation of the draft • Sedition Act (1918) • Prohibiting anyone from making “disloyal” or “abusive” remarks about the US government or its officers

  10. Schenck v. United States (1919) • A socialist convicted under Espionage Act for handing out flyers in opposition to the draft • The Court upheld the legality of the Espionage Act • Free speech could be limited or taken away when it was a “clear and present danger” to the nation • About 1900 people were prosecuted under these laws for being critical of the war • Eugene V. Debs sentenced to 10 years in federal prison but later pardoned, as was Big Bill Heywood (union leader)

  11. Unemployedwould be drafted thus limiting strikes

  12. Immediately after the war the nations largest steel strike ever would take place (1919) and union would lose thus postponing labor gains for another decade

  13. Note the word RED invoking fear of communism

  14. Two major domestic movements during the war1. African-American migration from South to North 2. Suffrage Movement by Women

  15. African American Migration

  16. A Women’s Suffrage Protest Led by Alice Paul ---Wilson supports it because of women war effort

  17. States around the country ratified suffrage during the war • In 1920, the 19th Amendment ratified, giving women protected right to vote • Although women made important gains during the war they lost many of these gains after the war

  18. Although Women Gained the Vote, They Could Only Choose Among Male Candidates

  19. Food Administration, headed by Herbert Hoover • Used voluntary compliance (not forced regulation) • Propaganda used extensively (posters, billboards, newspapers, pulpits, movies) • Voluntary “wheatless Wednesdays” and “meatless Tuesdays” were instituted to save food • “victory gardens” in citizens’ backyards were used to save food • Voluntary approach worked very well • Food production increased by 25% • Food exports to the Allies tripled

  20. To save food use of wheat, barley, and other products to make alcohol restricted by Congress • This was reinforced by the fact that many alcohol brewers were German • Drive for prohibition, that had been sweeping the country for several decades before, led to the passage of the 18th Amendment in 1919

  21. Statewide Prohibition Before the 18th Amendment

  22. Paying for the war • Treasury department pushed purchasing of Liberty Bonds • Increased income taxes (on both individuals and corporations) & increased tax on luxury goods • Ultimate cost of the war (including interest and veterans’ benefits) was about $112 billion • FIGHTING THE WAR • Selective Service Act (Draft) was needed to raise troops needed to send to Europe • Law eventually furnished about 2.8 million men, of the 4.7 million men total that served in the war

  23. October 1917 - Bolsheviks (Communists) took power in Russia ending possibility of a democratic government • Early 1918 – Russia withdraws from the war • Germany’s eastern front now secure; Germans troops moved to the west so Allies call for immediate American troop deployment (“even if untrained-just send men”)

  24. May 1918 - Germans close to Paris threatening to knock France out of the war • US troops arrived just in time and helped stop German advance – First major use of American forces • By July 1918 - the German drive West stopped • July 1918 - Second Battle of the Marne • US forces participated in this counteroffensive and force a German retreat that continued until the end of the war

  25. September 26 - November 11, 1918 • US troops fought in the Meuse-Argonne offensive {battle of Argonne Forrest} & experience heavy casualties. • War Ends 11/11/18 at 11:00 am • Germany surrendered because: • Social unrest at home scared generals • The British blockade causing critical food shortages • Hard attacks by Allied hit them relentlessly • Allied propaganda gave German citizens and soldiers hope of a just peace

  26. Wilson seen as hero around the world but that would quickly change in America: • Antagonized Republicans by doing the following: • Went to Europe in person to negotiate the treaty, instead of sending representatives; looked like he was showing off • No Republican senator included in official delegation • January 18, 1919- peace conference • Speed was important because Europe seemed to by falling for communism and anarchy

  27. Wilson’s primary goal was establishment of the League of Nations and end to colonialism by Europe • Republicans (somewhat contradictorily) both criticized the League because it would be ineffective (a “sewing circle”) or a too-powerful “super-state” that would cause American entanglement

  28. Muzzling the Dog of War------Wilson’s hope to end all wars

  29. Republican objections to the League

  30. The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War • June 1919 -treaty is handed to the Germans (who were excluded from peace conference) • Only 4 of the 14 Points are adopted • Vengeance, not peace, was the main thrust of the treaty (Hitler would soon take advantage of this fact in his rise to power)

  31. Treaty of Versailles • Germany disarmed and stripped of colonies in Africa and Asia, forced to admit guilt for war, forced to accept French occupation of Rhineland for 15 years, forced to pay huge sums of money ($56 billion) in reparations to Britain and France • Self-determination given to countries once controlled by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia • Independence granted to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, Poland • New nations of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia created • Signers of the treaty joined the League of Nations

  32. Strong opposition to treaty from many groups: • Isolationists refuse to support the League of Nations • German-haters saw the treaty as too lenient • Liberals saw treaty as harsh, violation of 14 Points • German and Italian Americans saw treaty as too harsh to their native lands • Irish Americans believed treaty gave Britain too much power in League of Nations (and might be used to end Irish independence from Britain)

  33. Wilson campaigns across America to get support but gets sick and never really regains his strength • Senate fails to accept treaty after Wilson tells fellow Democrats to reject changes to treaty {Should have Compromised}

  34. The Election of 1920 • Republican Harding elected with strong win over Democratic Cox (FDR V.P. running mate) • 16.1 million to 9.1 million popular votes • Eugene Debs, a federal prisoner (because of conviction under the Espionage Act) still won over 900,000 votes for the Socialist party

  35. The Election of 1920

  36. The Endless Debate • If the treaty ratified and League made more powerful would WWII have been avoided? • Argument: The US ignored world problems, effort to remain isolationist, and ultimately must fight even bloodier war 20 years later

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