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Hailin Zhang Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University

Soil Physical and Chemical Quality and Management in Organic Production. Hailin Zhang Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University. What makes up soils?. Sand Silt Clay. Soil Is a Living Body. USDA. Soil Properties. Physical Texture Structure Chemical Fertility

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Hailin Zhang Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University

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  1. Soil Physical and Chemical Quality and Management in Organic Production Hailin Zhang Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University

  2. What makes up soils? Sand Silt Clay

  3. Soil Is a Living Body USDA

  4. Soil Properties • Physical • Texture • Structure • Chemical • Fertility • pH • Soluble salts • Biological • Microorganism population-life in the soil

  5. % Silt % Clay Clay Sandy Clay Silty Clay Silty Clay Loam Clay Loam Sandy Clay Loam Loamy Sand Loam Sandy Loam Silt Loam Sand Silt % Sand

  6. Water holding capacity and movement NRCS

  7. Improving Soil Physical Condition • Adding organic material • Adding gypsum for alkali soils

  8. pH and Buffer Index • Soil pH is a measure of the acidity and alkalinity of the soil; • Nutrient availability is related to pH; • Crops can only grow well in certain pH ranges; • Liming is the most economical and effective method to raise soil pH

  9. Ammonia cleaner pH value defines relative acidity or basicity 9.0 Strong Basic 8.0 Medium Slight Pure water 7.0 Slight Most productive soils Moderate 6.0 Medium Acid Strong 5.0 Very strong 4.0 Vinegar Lemon juice

  10. Apply limewell ahead of planting to correct soil acidity

  11. Essential Plant Nutrients 16EssentialElements N Ca P Mg C H O K S B Cl Cu Fe Mn Mo Zn

  12. Negatively Charged ColloidsAttract Cations Ca++ K+ - - - Soil Colloid H+ - - - Ca++ - - - Mg++ Na+

  13. Clay and Organic Matter Have Greatest Influence on CEC Organic matter Clay 10-150 meq/100g 200-400 meq/100g Organic matter has a higher CEC (cation exchange capacity)

  14. Nutrient balance is the key for success Right nutrients Improper nutrients

  15. Soil Soluble Salts Affect Plant Growth EC (mmhos/cm) 0 4 8 12 16 Normal Saline ESP % Increased salt hazard 15 Sodic Saline-Sodic 30

  16. Over Fertilization • Salts build up in the soil • Alters soil pH • Unbalanced growth • More vegetative, less reproductive growth • More disease and less winter hardy

  17. Soil Tests ServeTwo Basic Functions • Provide a starting point for developing fertilizer and liming program • Monitor nutrient level to keep the fertilizer program on track

  18. Soil Tests at OSU Secondary Nutrients Sulfur Magnesium Calcium Routine pH Buffer Index Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Micronutrients Iron Zinc Boron Soil Organic Matter, Soil Texture, Soil Salinity Compost, Animal Manure, Irrigation Water

  19. Summary • Soil properties are important for plant growth • There are 16 essential plant nutrients • Soil testing is important for successful organic production • An representative sample is needed to ensure reliable test results • Balanced fertilizer program is critical

  20. Soil, Water and Forage Analytical Laboratory • http://www.soiltesting.okstate.edu

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