Concept………

1. Concept……… • The Health of an organism depends on the resources available to it . • Food is an essential requirement for living organisms. • Understand the process by which energy is obtained in various types of organisms through nutrition.

2. Assessments • Criteria C: Unit Test • Criteria A + B: Written work based on different topics eg, stem cell research, GM cells in modern world etc. • Criteria F: Attitude

3. Unit 2 • Nutrition 2n ESO • Area of Interaction: Health and Social Education • Criteria: B,C, E, F. • Structure of living things, plant and animal cells, types of nutrition, Animal digestion and respiration. Plant nutrition (photosynthesis and respiration). Observation of cells under a microscope.

4. Unit 2 Why we eat. How is life affected by the physical environment ?

5. What is a living thing ? • What is it made of ? • How does it remain alive ? • Where does it get energy from to move and grow?

6. Living organisms….. Organisms are made up of organ systems ….can you name any ? • Organ systems are made up of organs ……......can you name any ? • Organs are made up of tissues…….can you name any ? E.g. muscle , ………. • Tissue is made up of………Cells • Cells – Tissues – Organs – Organ Systems - Organism

7. Cell Lab. • 1. Get to know the microscope . • 2. Understand how it works. • 3.Look at prepared slides • 4. Make a slide

8. The Microscope • A microscope magnifies …..it makes things look ….much bigger.

9. Microscope

10. Label your diagram Label the parts using the key words below: Arm , stage , stage clips , high power objective lens, low power objective lens , , eye-piece , mirror , base, Diaphragm, coarse adjustment knob, fine adjustment knob Stage adjuster

11. Lab. Task – Make a slide • Make a slide of cheek and onion cells . • Draw what you see through low power lens and high power lens

12. Preparing a microscope slide • Method 1.Place 2 slides and 2 coverslips on a tile . 2.Wipe a cotton bud on the inside of your cheek. 3.Smear it onto one slide. 4.Gently lower coverslip over specimen ,at an angle, using a mounted needle. 5.Repeat step 2 and 3 with the second slide ,but place one drop of blue stain onto your sample before you put the coverslip on .

13. Lab Report Key words • Magnify • Iodine • Mounted needle • Methylene blue • Cover slip • Slide • Microscope

14. Draw each of the slide cells 6. View under LOW magnification and draw 7.View under higher magnification and draw 8. Compare the stained and unstained cells 9. Compare the cells under high and low magnification.

15. Cheek cell (animal cell)

16. Making a plant cell slideMethod • 1.Place clean slide and coverslip on tile . • 2.Place a small piece of onion tissue on slide. • 3.Put one drop of iodine stain on tissue. Warning • 4.Carefully lower coverslip over tissue. • 5.Use tissue to mop up extra liquid on slide • 6.View under low then high power lens. • 7. Repeat above steps but use water instead of iodine • 7. Draw what you see . High/Low mag • with/without iodine

17. Onion Cell (Plant cell)

18. What do cells look like….?

19. Structure and function of cell

20. Video clip • Cells …………..(Sandisk Pink)

21. Making a model Animal Cell and a Plant cell • Method – • 1. Take 2 plastic bags (one for plant one for animal = cell membrane • 2. Fill it with cytoplasm • (Using a spoon ¾ fill the bag with paste .) • 3. Add a Nucleus . • 4.What do you need to add to the other one to make it a plant cell ?

22. Two types of cell make up all of life….How do they get their nutrition ????. 1.……Prokaryotic cells ……cells with NOnuclear membrane ( very simple cellslike bacteria) • 2.…..Eukaryotic cells ……cells have a nuclear membrane

23. Prokaryotes(bacteria) Bacteria are single celled organisms that have successfully colonized every area of the planet . There are harmless bacteria , beneficial bacteria that aid digestion and harmful bacteria that cause disease

24. Bacteria look like this……

25. Actually there are 5 Kingdoms • Prokaryotic Cells – (without nuclei ) • 1. Kingdom Monera –(10,000sp.) Unicellular bacteria + cyanobacteria • Eukaryotic cells – (with nuclei ) • 2. Kingdom Protista (250,000 sp.) – unicellular & multicellular protozoans and algaes • 3. Kingdom Fungi – (100,000 sp.) • 4.Kingdom Plants – (250,000 sp.) • 5.Kingdom Animals-(1,000,000 sp. ) ………………………………………………...Watch the 5 kingdoms video clip

26. LEARN ************** Cell Theory • 1. All living things are made of cells . • 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function. • 3. Cells are produced by cells

27. Research • Has the development in scientific research into the cell and cell theory helped to develop new methods into agriculture and medicine ? • Stem cell research and Genetically modified crops? • What do you understand by this?

28. Genetically modified crops

29. Feed the World

31. Stem cell research

36. Bacteria • Heterotrophic bacteria are a type of bacteria that take the sugars they need to survive and reproduce from their environment, rather than making the sugars themselves from carbon and hydrogen. E.g. Escherichia coli • Bacteria that do produce their own sugars from carbon and hydrogen are called autotrophic. E.g. Cyanobacteria

37. E. Coli Bacteria

38. cyanobacteria

39. All Cells need food in order to work properly. • All cells need food (nutrition )to provide them with energy to survive ,grow and repair. • Cells get nutrition by breaking down food (organic matter ) by eating organisms (Heterotrophic nutrition) OR • By taking inorganic substances and making it themselves. (Autotrophic nutrition)

40. Prokaryote/Eukaryote Cell Nutrition Research the following types of nutrition that these cells require . • Prokaryote Cell Eukaryote cell • A). Autotrophic nutrition - (Holophytic) • B) Heterotrophic nutrition – Holozoic - Parasitism - Saprophytes C) Detritivores

41. Types of Heterotrophic Nutrition • Heterotrophic nutrition is nutrition obtained by digesting organic compounds. Animals, fungi, many prokaryotes and protoctists are unable to synthesize organic compounds to use as food. They are known as heterotrophs. • Heterotrophic organisms have to acquire and take in all the organic substances they need to survive. All heterotrophs (except blood and gut parasites) have to convert solid food into soluble compounds capable of being absorbed (digestion) The three main types of heterotrophic nutrition are: • Holozoic nutrition: Complex food is taken into a specialist digestive system and broken down into small pieces to be absorbed. This consists of 5 stages, ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion. • Saprobiontic/saprotrophic: Organisms feed on dead organic remains of other organisms. • Parasitism: Organisms obtain food from other living organisms (the host), with the host receiving no benefit from the parasite. E.g. Head Lice

42. Detritivores • detritivore  (d-trt-vôr) • An organism that feeds on and breaks down dead plant or animal matter, returning essential nutrients to the ecosystem. Detritivores include microorganisms such as bacteria and protists as well as larger organisms such as fungi, insects, worms, and isopod crustaceans. In a food chain, detritivores are primary consumers.

43. Autotrophic Nutrition • In Plants – Green Plants make food by a process called Photosynthesis . • What can plants use to make food ???? • They are stuck in the soil !!!!

44. Two types of reaction occur during metabolism – • Anabolic reactions –(build up reaction) • Catabolic reactions –(breakdown reaction)

45. Anabolic reactions – taking what is in your food and forming large complex chemicals …..for growth

46. Catabolic reactions – breaking down sugars or fats for energy