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Chapter 21: Immunoprophylaxis and Immunotherapy

Chapter 21: Immunoprophylaxis and Immunotherapy. I. Immunoprophylaxis II. Immunotherapy. I. Immunoprophylaxis. Conception 1. The way of acquired specific immunization 2. The classification and characteristics of Artificial immunization

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Chapter 21: Immunoprophylaxis and Immunotherapy

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  1. Chapter 21: Immunoprophylaxis and Immunotherapy I. Immunoprophylaxis II.Immunotherapy

  2. I. Immunoprophylaxis Conception 1. The way of acquired specific immunization 2. The classification and characteristics of Artificial immunization 3. Biological product and their application

  3. 1.The way of acquired specific immunization Natural immunization: heredity, non-specific Acquired immunization: acquired, specific Active immunization: natural, artificial Passive immunization: natural, artificial

  4. Type acquired through Active immunization: Natural infection or inapparent infection Artificial infection: vaccine, toxoid, attenuated organisms inactivated organisms purified microbioal macromolecules Passive immunization: Natural maternal antibody Artificial immune serum Immunity can be acquired through active and passive immunization

  5. I. Immunoprophylaxis Conception 1. The way of acquired specific immunization 2. The classification and characteristics of Artificial immunization 3. Biological product and their application

  6. 2.The classification and characteristics of Artificial immunization Artificial active immunization: Artificial passive immunization: Comparison:

  7. Artificial active immunization Conception: Features: 1. The production of the effect: slow ( induction phase:1-4weeks ) 2. The persistent time of immunity: long (months-years) 3. The application: specific prophylaxis 4. The agents: Ag: vaccine, toxids

  8. Artificial passive immunization Conception: Features: 1. The production of the effect: fast 2. The persistent time of immunity: short (2-3weeks) 3. The application: treatment and urgent prophylaxis 4. The agents: Ab: antitoxin antiserum human gammaglobulin synthetic peptides anti-idiotype antibodies

  9. Injecting agents: Ag (vaccines, toxids) Ab (antitoxin, antiserum) Producting time: slow (induction phase:1-4W) at once Persistenting time: long (months or years) slow (2weeks or months) The main application: specific prophylaxis urgent prophylaxis or (infectious diseases) treatment Artificial active Artificial passive immunization immunization

  10. I. Immunoprophylaxis Conception 1. The way of acquired specific immunization 2. The classification and characteristics of Artificial immunization 3. Biological product and their application

  11. 3.Biological product and their application Biological product a.Vaccine: Live vaccine (attenuated vaccine) Killed vaccine Comparison*: b.Toxoid: TAT, DAT c.New vaccine: Live vaccine Chemical vaccine or subunit vaccine Compound vaccine Genetic engineering vaccine Anti-idiotype vaccine

  12. 活疫苗 死疫苗 接种方式： 模拟自然感染途径 皮下注射 （皮内，划痕法） 接种剂量： 较小 较大 接种次数： 多数只需一次 两次或多次 （体内有一定繁殖） （体内不繁殖） 副作用： 反应较小 反应较大 （发热、全身或局部反应） 免疫效果： 较好，持续3-5年或更长 较差，持续数月-1年 疫苗保存： 易失效，冻干4C保存 较易保存，较稳定 死疫苗和活疫苗的比较

  13. Vaccinia promoter DNA from pathogen Ligation Recombinant plasmid Vaccinia virus Plasmid Plasmid infection transfection Animal-cell culture Recombinant vaccinia Recombinant vaccine

  14. antibody antigen Antigen may be protein, carbohydrate, etc. First antibody selected for high affinity for immunizing antigen, made monoclonal Antigenic determinant Mice immunized idiotype1 Anti-idiotype antibodies Raised against idiotype 1 Second antibodies screened for similarity to original antigen Anti- idiotype 1 vaccine like antigen unlike antigen Anti- idiotype 1 Anti-idiotype antibodies as vaccine

  15. II.Immunotherapy Conception 1.Immunopotentiator and indication 2.Immunosuppressant and indication 3. Immunomodulator and the use of them

  16. 1.Immunopotentiator and indication a. Immunopotentiator: Chemical agents: levomisole, cimetidine,isoprinosine(ISO) Microbiological agents: BCG, vp Proteins of immune system: Ig,iRNA b. Indication: e.g. Tumor, Immunodeficiency, Infectional diseases

  17. 2.Immunosuppressant and indication a. Immunosuppressant*: Chemical agents: Cyclophosphamide, Cy Azathioprine, Aza Hormone: steroids Microbiological agents: CyclosporineA(CsA), Tacrolimus, FK-506 b. Indication: Organ transplantation Hypersensitivity diseases Autoimmune diseases Infectious diseases

  18. Cyclosporin Azathioprine Tc IL-2 IFN IL-2R Th Steroids proliferation CD4 CD8 M TCR-CD3 TCR-CD3 APC Tc MHC-II MHC-I Tc Graft cells Immunosuppression with Drugs

  19. Ag APC TH MHC TCR B7 CD28 抑制免疫应答： Hypersensitivity Disease Autoimmunity Disease Graft rejection responses inactivation Anti-B7Ab CTLA4 Ig Anti-CD28 • 阻断co-stimulatory signals

  20. 3.Immunomodulator and the use of them a. Biological response modifier, BRM b.Classification and function of BRM

  21. b.Classification and function of BRM 1. Immunoreconstitution: hemopoietic stem cell and thymus 2. Monoclonal antibodies (McAb) and targeted drug McAb: Anti-CD3, Anti-CD4, Anti-CD8 Targeted drug*: Immunotoxin, IT Immunoconjugate, Radioimmunoconjugate 3. Cytokines and actived immune cells Cytokines*: Ils, IFN, TNF, CSF, TGF and Small molecular polypeptides. Immune cells: LAK, TIL 4. Tumor vaccine 5. Gene therapy*: CK gene therapy

  22. McAb-toxin McAb-medicine Tumor McAb-isotope McAb-enzyme

  23. Cytokine tumor type and results Cytokine effects and possible anti-tumor mechanisms Prolonged remissions of possible cytostatic hairy-cell leukemia effect on tumor weak effects on some increased expression of carcinoma MHC class I, cytostasis remission of peritoneal increased MHC class I and II carcinoma of the ovary macrophage activation Tc activation, cytostasis IFN IFN Remission in renal cancer T-cell activation and and melanoma proliferation NK-cell activation IL-2 ? Increased tumor cell adhension can reduce macrophage and lymphocyte malignant ascites activation TNF Cytokine therapy for tumors

  24. Ag MHC TCR CTL Tumor cell signal1 CTLactivated Killer tumor cell signal2 CD28 B7 Ag MHC CTL TCR Tumor cell signal1 CTLactivated Killer tumor cell signal2 CD28 Enhancing immune response： Tumor immunity treatment TransfectionB7gene

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