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Chapter 7

Chapter 7. Late Antiquity and the Emergence of Medieval Civilization. Consider. How did the Germanic tribes differ from the Romans? What role did the Christian Church play in filling the vacuum left by the passing of the Roman Empire?

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Chapter 7

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  1. Chapter 7 Late Antiquity and the Emergence of Medieval Civilization

  2. Consider • How did the Germanic tribes differ from the Romans? • What role did the Christian Church play in filling the vacuum left by the passing of the Roman Empire? • Why was monasticism so important and influential in Europe during the first millennium? • How successful was Christianity in converting the non-Christian peoples of Europe? • What was the place of women in the Christian world in the early middle ages? • What was Justinian’s impact on the history of the Byzantine Empire? • Why was Islam able to expand so quickly and widely?

  3. Timeline

  4. The Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine • DIOCLETIAN came to power in a world exhausted by wars – willing to take radical measures to achieve peace • Political Reforms • Division of the Empire – to stop military coups and endless struggle for throne • Tetrarchy – The Board of Four Emperors • 2 Augusti – Senior Emperors • 2 Caesers – junior emperors

  5. Map 7.1: Division of the Late Roman Empire, c. 300

  6. Empire divided into smaller provinces to stop military coups • Separate military and civilian authority • Began Overhaul of military – completed by Constantine • New role of cavalry in warfare • Field regiments recruited from German and Illyrian volunteers • Local mililtia

  7. The Empire’s New Religion • Conversion of Constantine • Church Organization and Religious Disputes • Bishops • Heresy • Arianism • Council of Nicaea (325)

  8. Reforms were successful • Stabilized empire • Transformed Empire in 3 primary ways • Administrative weight shifted to the east • Adopted titles and ceremonies of an Oriental Potentate • Growing reliance on imperial bureaucracy

  9. 305 Diocletian abdicated – decided to raise cabbages • Obliged Maximian in the west to retire • The two Ceasars moved peacefully up the ladder • Their successors, though fought until the son of one of the successors emerged victorious

  10. Constantine 312-324 • 312-324 governed only in the West • 324-337 reunited empire • Favored Christianity • Did not act like a humble Christian330 Constantinople • Made succession hereditary – remember the Romans had done away with dynastic succession 800 years before

  11. Theodosius I • Staved of Germanic attacks • 395 divided the empire between his sons • Visigoths began to ravage the empire • Huns pressure Germanic tribes to move westward • Visigoths • Athens • Illyrium • 410 besieged Rome

  12. Set Forum on Fire • Alaric spared all the churches • Organized a procession to St. Peters to present the pope with treasure he had saved for him

  13. The End of the Western Empire • Vandals more thorough in 455 • Totally looted Emperor’s palace • Took tile from the roofs of temples • Took their plunder to their new Capital – Carthage • Odoacer deposes last Roman Emperor (476)

  14. Huns • Huns came towards Rome • Romans and Germans joined forces to stop Attila at Châlons • The retreat of the Huns opened the door to • Ostrogoths (Italy) • Franks (France) • Anglo-Saxons (England)

  15. The Germanic Kingdoms • The Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy • Theodoric (493 – 526) • Byzantine invasion (535 – 554) • Lombard invasion (568)

  16. Theodoric • Knew both Latin and Greek • 493-526 governed Italy and Large part of Balkans as regent of Constantinople and King of Goths • Moved capital to Ravena • Ostrogoths succeded by Lombards • Brutal & fierce • Byzantine invasion (535 – 554) • Lombard invasion (568)

  17. Map 7.2: German Migration Routes

  18. Map 7.3: The Germanic Kingdoms of the Old Western Empire

  19. The Visigothic Kingdom of Spain • Coexistence between Romans and Germans • Warrior caste • No procedure for choosing rulers • The Frankish Kingdom • Clovis (c. 482 – 511) • Converts to Catholic Christianity c. 500 • Frankish Kingdom divided into 3 parts in 6th and 7th centuries • Fusion of Gallo-Roman and Frankish Peoples • Anglo-Saxon England • Angles and Saxons invade England in early 5th century

  20. The Society of the Germanic Peoples • Germanic Law • Blood feud • Wergeld • Compurgation and ordeal • The Frankish Family and Marriage • Family at the center of social organization • Marriage • Engagement ceremony • Women

  21. Development of the Christian Church • The Church Fathers • Augustine (354 – 430) • The City of God • The Confessions • Jerome (345 – 420) • The Power of the Pope • Leader of the Western Christian Church • Leo I (r. 440 – 461) and the Petrine supremacy

  22. Church and State • Growing Power of Church Officials • Role of bishops in imperial government • Ambrose of Milan (c. 339 – 397) • Weakness of political authorities in Italy • Pope Gregory the Great (r. 590 – 604) • Papal states • Expansion of papal authority

  23. The Monks and Their Missions • Monachus = one who lives alone • Saint Antony (c. 250 – 350) • Saint Simeon Stylite • Benedictine Monasticism • Saint Benedict of Nursia (c. 480 – c. 543) • Benedictine Rule • The Abbot (“father”) • Nuns

  24. Monks as Missionaries • Irish Monasticism • Saint Columba (521 – 597) • Iona • Roman Mission to England (Augustine the monk) • Boniface (c. 680 – 755) mission to Frisia, Bavaria, and Saxon

  25. Women and Monasticism • Double Monasteries • Saint Hilda founds monastery of Whitby (657) • Nuns as Missionaries • Leoba founds convent at Bischofsheim (Germany)

  26. Christian Intellectual Life in the Germanic Kingdoms • Cassiodorus (c. 490 – c. 585) • Divine and Human Readings • Seven Liberal Arts • Trivium • Quadrivium • The Venerable Bede (c. 672 – 735) • Ecclesiastical History of the English People (731)

  27. Map 7.4: The Spread of Christianity, A.D. 400-800

  28. The Reign of Justinian (527 – 565) • Belisarius and the Restoration of the Roman Empire • Corpus Iuris Civilis (“Body of Civil Law”) • Intellectual Life • Procopius (c. 500 – 562) • The Empress Theodora • Actress and prostitute • Influence in government • The Emperor’s Building Program • Rebuilt after riot in 532 • Commercial Center and Trade • Palace Complex • Church of Hagia Sophia (537) • Hippodrome

  29. Map 7.5: The Byzantine Empire in the Time of Justinian

  30. From Eastern Roman to Byzantine Empire • Problems left by Justinian • Threats on the Frontiers • Muslims • Battle of Yarmuk (636) • Bulgars • The Byzantine Empire in the Eighth Century • Greek and Christian State • Conflict over the use of icons • Power of the emperor • Split with the Western Germanic Kingdoms

  31. The Library at Ephesus

  32. The Rise of Islam • The Arabs • Bedouins (nomads) • Allah – Ka’ba • Mecca and Trade

  33. Typical buildings in Sa'naa – Arabian Peninsula

  34. Muhammad and Islam • Muhammad (570 – 632) • Born in Mecca – caravan manager • Hegira (Journey to Medina in 622) • Submission to the will of Allah • Qur’an (Koran) • 114 Chapters • Five Pillars of Islam • Shari’a (Islamic Law)

  35. The Spread of Islam • Abu Bakr becomes caliph (632) • Razzia • Jihad • Attacks against Byzantines and Persians • Assassination of Caliph Ali • Muawiya becomes caliph (661) • Umayyad Dinasty • Damascus becomes capital • Shi’ites, followers of Ali • Sunnites, supporters of the Umayyads • Conquer North Africa and much of Spain • Battle of Tours (732) • Attack on Constantinople and defeat (717 – 718)

  36. Map 7.7: The Expansion of Islam

  37. Ceiling of the Mihrab ChapelGreat Mosque of Cordoba, Spain.

  38. Web Links • The Sutton Hoo Society • Virtual Tour of monasteries • Augustine of Hippo • Byzantine Studies on the Internet • Hagia Sophia: Chronicle of the Great Church • Exploring Ancient World Cultures – Islam • The Rightly Guided Caliphs

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