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Chapter 3. The English Colonies. The Pilgrims. The Pilgrims left England because of religious conflict. The founded the first New England colony. The Pilgrim Faith. King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church to form the Church of England, or Anglican Church.
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Chapter 3 The English Colonies
The Pilgrims left England because of religious conflict. • The founded the first New England colony.
King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church to form the Church of England, or Anglican Church. • The Pilgrims were Separatists, because they had broken with the Anglican Church. • They were Puritans, or Protestants who wished to “purify” the Anglican Church.
The Mayflower Compact, established a self-governing colony based on the majority rule of male church members. • The colony owed its survival in part to the American Indians. • With a member of the Wampanoag, Squanto the Pilgrims enjoyed a bountiful harvest in the fall.
To escape both religious persecution and economic ruin, many Puritans decided to risk a move to the colonies. • In 1630 some 60,000 people left England for the Americas. • Most Puritans didn’t leave England, instead the Puritans and Royalists erupted in civil war, the Puritans ended up winning.
A group of Puritans obtained a royal charter for the Massachusetts Bay Company that allowed them to establish a colony. • In 1630 1,000 settlers went to Massachusetts, to set an example of a model community. • The Puritan commonwealth was based on cooperation between church and state known as the New England Way.
Puritans believed that everyone in the community had to live a moral life. • They also believed in predestination. • The New England Way depended on people who were educated and could read the bible.
New England Life • Puritan men brought along their wives and children. • Families tended to be large. • Food was plentiful, and the diseases that plagued Jamestown were unable to survive in New England’s cold.
New Englanders distilled rum and built ships. • They traded with England's other American colonies. • Merchants earned substantial profits by selling their shipping services.
Minister Thomas Hooker and his congregation left Massachusetts and adopted the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. • Other colonists were forced to leave Massachusetts Bay Colony because they questioned Puritan ways. • Roger Williams got banished for his beliefs and founded a settlement that later became known as Providence, R.I.
In 1692 several girls stricken with seizures claimed other villagers used witchcraft on them. • By June hundreds of people had been accused of witchcraft. • Dozens were tried, and 19 were hanged.
Settling the Chesapeake • Tobacco fueled the Virginia colony in 1640. • Cecilius Calvert named his colony Maryland, and wanted to create a haven for fellow Roman Catholics. • The Maryland Assembly passed the Toleration Act in 1649, which granted a degree of religious freedom.
Chesapeake Society • Most indentured servants were men or boys between the ages of 15 and 24. • Throughout the 1600’s typhoid, malaria, and other diseases infected the colonists. • The high death rates gave rise to family patterns that differed from those of New England.
A Rural Society • The vast majority of colonists in the Chesapeake lived in widely scattered farms and plantation. • Planters didn’t bring their crops to the central market, which hindered the growth of towns.
Nathan Bacon raised an army of western settlers in 1676 and attacked American Indians on the frontier. • Bacon’s Rebellion ended with its leaders death. • The large planters in the House of Burgesses – Virginia’s assembly – limited the governors power by opening up Indian lands to colonists.
Many Africans died on the middle passage, or the voyage across the Atlantic ocean. • A group of Quakers took a public stand against slavery. • Abolitionists – those who wanted slavery abolished, didn’t become a strong force until the 1880’s.
The Carolinas • After the death of Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell, Charles II restored the monarchy’s power in England which was known as restoration. • In 1633 he gave eight supporters a charter for a colony later known as Carolina. • The task system was a system in which plantation slaves were assigned specific duties each day.
The Dutch West India Company established a colony in North America in 1613. • Charles II made his brother, James, the Duke of York, proprietor of New Netherland. • James kept part of the colony – renamed New York – and gave the rest – New Jersey – to two friends.
Sir William Penn wanted to make his colony, Pennsylvania, a haven for his fellow Quakers. • Penn wanted Pennsylvania to be a “holy experiment.” • He extended his tolerance to American Indians, paying them for their lands and treating them fairly.
Parliament intended this colony to provide a buffer between South Carolina and Spanish Florida. • The colony didn’t prosper. • Mostly because of its rigid rules, which included prohibitions against rum and slavery.
Trade • Mercantilists held that a nations power was a product of wealth. • Balance of trade, export more than import, was vital for a nation to obtain wealth. • In 1650 Parliament passed the Navigation Acts that required European goods destined for the colonies to be routed through England.
The Lords of Trade, a committee established in 1675 to oversee the colonies for the Crown, sent customs ages to the colonies to oversee the Navigation Acts. • In 1688 the Protestant opposition to King James II staged a bloodless rebellion called the Glorious Revolution. • Colonists used the Glorious Revolution to rid themselves of hated officials.
In the 1700’s Europe experienced the Enlightenment, a revolution in ideas. • The Great Awakening – A serious of religious revivals – swept through the British colonies. • The Great Awakening sparked the growth of many new Protestant churches.
The French in North America • The founding of New Orleans in 1718 gave the French command of the Mississippi River. • France claimed a huge area but settled very little of it. • Most French colonists were either single men in search of riches and adventure or Jesuit priests seeking to convert American Indians.
Cultures Clash • The European desire for furs altered the way of life of many American Indians. • Indian trappers moved their settlement to areas where animals were plentiful. • Previously distant tribes came into contact and competition with each other.
Europeans believed that land not registered by deed, cleared, or built upon was not owned. • Since most Indian land appeared wild and unused, Europeans believed it was there for the taking. • Indians recognized territorial boundaries but not individual ownership.
Beginning in 1636, the Pequot War pitted the English and their allies against the Pequot and their allies. • The war ended in 1637, when the English burned a Pequot village and killed hundreds of people. • Seeing what had happened to the Pequot, other tribes soon signed a formal treaty with the English.
The Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca formed the Iroquois League. • The union allowed the Iroquois League to dominate the fur trade. • They skillfully played the English and the French against each other, as needed to help the league.
