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3 rd December 2009 Women and HIV R. Scott McClelland, MD, MPH

3 rd December 2009 Women and HIV R. Scott McClelland, MD, MPH. Overview. Introduction to HIV epidemiology in women HIV risk reduction for women Effect of male circumcision on the risk of HIV acquisition in female partners Gender-specific issues in selecting an antiretroviral regimen.

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3 rd December 2009 Women and HIV R. Scott McClelland, MD, MPH

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  1. 3rd December 2009 Women and HIV R. Scott McClelland, MD, MPH

  2. Overview • Introduction to HIV epidemiology in women • HIV risk reduction for women • Effect of male circumcision on the risk of HIV acquisition in female partners • Gender-specific issues in selecting an antiretroviral regimen

  3. Percentage of Adults (15+) with HIV who are Women UNAIDS Report 2008

  4. HIV in 15-25 year olds by sex UNAIDSReport2008

  5. Case 1: HIV Prevention • 18 y.o. HIV-negative woman recently treated for gonorrhoeae. What proven strategies can reduce her risk of acquiring HIV? • A) Abstain, Be faithful, male latex Condoms • B) ABCs and treat STIs • C) Female condom • D) Pre-exposure prophylaxis • E) All of the above

  6. WHO Statement on HIV and STIs • Abstain from sexual intercourse • Be faithful – Mutual long-term monogamy with HIV-negative partner • Condoms • Prompt treatment of STIs • Both in high risk and general population WHO Fact Sheet on STI. Oct 2007 revision.

  7. UNAIDS November 2009 New HIV infections reduced 17% over the past 8 years

  8. Condom Quiz • How much do you know about condoms?

  9. Question 1 • With consistent and correct use of condoms, the estimated rate of pregnancy at 12 months is closest to which range? • A. 0% • B. 1-4% • C. 5-8% • D. 9-12% • E. Over 12% WHO Fact Sheet No234. June 2000

  10. Question 1 • With consistent and correct use of condoms, the estimated rate of pregnancy at 12 months is closest to which range? • A. 0% • B. 1-4% • C. 5-8% • D. 9-12% • E. Over 12% WHO Fact Sheet No234. June 2000

  11. Question 2 • For typical condom use, the estimated rate of pregnancy at 12 months is closest to which range? • A. 5-10% • B. 10-15% • C. 15-20% • D. Over 20% WHO Fact Sheet No234. June 2000

  12. Question 2 • For typical condom use, the estimated rate of pregnancy at 12 months is closest to which range? • A. 5-10% • B. 10-15% • C. 15-20% • D. Over 20% WHO Fact Sheet No234. June 2000

  13. Question 3 • Condom failure – the device breaking or slipping off completely during intercourse – is common. • A. True • B. False WHO Fact Sheet No234. June 2000

  14. Condoms do not break easily YouTube

  15. Condoms do not break easily YouTube

  16. Question 4 • Longitudinal studies in men and women suggest that condoms reduce the risk of HIV infection by a rate that is closest to: • A. <50% • B. 50-65% • C. 65-80% • D. 80-95% • E. >95%

  17. Question 4 • Longitudinal studies in men and women suggest that condoms reduce the risk of HIV infection by a rate that is closest to: • A. <50% • B. 50-65% • C. 65-80% • D. 80-95% • E. >95%

  18. Question 5 • Longitudinal studies in women suggest that condoms reduce the risk of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection by at least: • A. 10% • B. 30% • C. 50% • D. 70% • E. 90% Winer et al. N Engl J Med 2006

  19. Question 5 • Longitudinal studies in women suggest that condoms reduce the risk of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection by at least: • A. 10% • B. 30% • C. 50% • D. 70% • E. 90% Winer et al. N Engl J Med 2006

  20. Case 1: HIV Prevention • 18 y.o. HIV-negative woman at risk for HIV. Which microbicide has been associated with a trend towards decreased HIV risk? • A) Nonoxynol-9 • B) SAVVY (C31G) • C) Cellulose Sulfate • D) Carragard • E) Buffer Gel • F) Pro 2000

  21. Case 1: HIV Prevention • 18 y.o. HIV-negative woman at risk for HIV. Which microbicide has been associated with a trend towards decreased HIV risk? • A) Nonoxynol-9 • B) SAVVY (C31G) • C) Cellulose Sulfate • D) Carragard • E) Buffer Gel • F) Pro 2000

  22. Microbicide • Product that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosa with the intention of preventing or significantly reducing sexually transmitted infections including HIV infection • Gel • Ring • Film

  23. Possible Targets to Prevent Transmission of HIV McGowan. Biologicals. 2006

  24. Pro2000 (Entry Inhibitor) • 7 site study in Africa (6)/US (1) • 3099 women; 20.4 months; 93.6% retention • Pro2000 vs. placebo HR 0.7 (95%CI 0.5-1.1; p=0.10) • Pro2000 vs. no gel HR 0.7 (95%CI 0.4-1.0; p=0.06) • Excluding time off product, Pro2000 reduced HIV incidence 36% (p=0.04) Abdool Karim CROI 2009, LB48

  25. Microbicides in Clinical Trials • Pro2000 study by British Microbicide Development Program • 0.5% Pro2000 ongoing • 2% Pro2000 arm closed by DSMB 2/2008 • Microbicides containing antiretrovirals; topical Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis • Tenofovir 1% gel (HPTN 059, CAPRISA, VOICE) • TMC 120 (IPM) • UC-781 (CONRAD)

  26. Case 1 Summary: HIV Prevention/Microbicides • 18 y.o. HIV-seronegative woman has recently been treated for gonorrhea • ABCs and possibly other interventions such as female condom may reduce HIV risk • Early microbicide trials with non-specific agents generally not successful, but… • Recent experience with Pro2000 encouraging • Results of trials with antiretroviral-containing microbicides are eagerly anticipated

  27. Case 2: Male Circumcision and the Risk of HIV Acquisition in Women • An HIV-seropositive man is seeking circumcision. • Will circumcision influence the risk of HIV transmission to his wife?

  28. Circumcision and HIV Transmission To Women Quinn N Engl J Med 2000

  29. Circumcision of HIV-positive Men • Rakai study of 124 discordant couples with uninfected female partner • Female partners tested every 6 months Wawer. CROI 2008, 33LB

  30. Circumcision in HIV-positive Men • Reduced wound healing at 30 days compared to HIV-negative (73% vs. 83%, P<0.001) • Less GUD in circumcised vs. uncircumcised arm of study (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.3-0.8) • Incidence in female partners; 14.4/100p-y in circumcised vs. 9.1/100p-y in uncircumcised (RR 1.59, 95%CI 0.7-4.3)

  31. Transmission by Timing of Wound Healing and Resumption of Sex

  32. Case 2 Summary: Male Circumcision and Risk of HIV Acquisition in Women • An HIV-seropositive man is seeking circumcision. Will circumcision influence the risk of HIV transmission to his wife? • Transmission from an HIV-positive man to an HIV-negative woman may be increased if sex is resumed before full wound healing • Condom use must be promoted, especially during the period of wound healing

  33. Case 3: ART in Women • 22 y.o. woman diagnosed with HIV during prior pregnancy. CD4=224cells/μL, HB=10g/dL, Ccreat = 100cc/min, other labs normal. On Depo Provera since first post-partum visit. • What other considerations should guide our decision about the first-line ART regimen for this patient?

  34. Case 3: ART in Women • 22 y.o. woman diagnosed with HIV during prior pregnancy. CD4=224cells/μL, HB=10g/dL, Ccreat = 100cc/min, other labs normal. On Depo Provera since first post-partum visit. She received single-dose nevirapine one year ago to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV during her first pregnancy.

  35. Case 3: ART in Women • 22 y.o. woman diagnosed with HIV during prior pregnancy. CD4=224cells/μL, HB=10g/dL, Ccreat = 100cc/min, other labs normal. Started Depo Provera since first post-partum visit. She received single-dose nevirapine one year ago to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV during her first pregnancy. Which first-line ART regimen would you recommend: • A) Lopinavir/ritonavir + 2NRTI • B) Efavirenz or Nevirapine + 2NRTI • C) 3NRTI

  36. Case 3: ART in Women • 22 y.o. woman diagnosed with HIV during prior pregnancy. CD4=224cells/μL, HB=10g/dL, Ccreat = 100cc/min, other labs normal. Started Depo Provera since first post-partum visit. She received single-dose nevirapine one year ago to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV during her first pregnancy. Which first-line ART regimen would you recommend: • A) Lopinavir/ritonavir + 2NRTI • B) Efavirenz or Nevirapine + 2NRTI BUT… • C) 3NRTI

  37. No No Yes Consider Women’s History of Receiving Single Dose Nevirapine Yes * If no reproductive potential

  38. Response to Nevirapine Containing ART after sd-NVP for PMTCT • 218 women starting ART after participation in a trial of NVP vs. placebo for PMTCT • 106 placebo and 112 sd-NVP women • 6 months post ART initiation, virologic failure 5% in placebo vs. 18.4% in sd-NVP; p=0.002 • Within 6 months of sd-NVP • Failure 0% placebo vs. 41.7% sd-NVP; p<0.001 • Over 6 months after sd-NVP • Failure 7.8% placebo vs. 12% sd-NVP; p=0.39 Lockman NEJM 2007;356:135

  39. Time to Virologic Failure when ART Started <6 Months Post Partum Lockman NEJM 2007;356:135

  40. Time to Virologic Failure when ART Started >6 Months Post Partum Lockman NEJM 2007;356:135

  41. Time to Virologic Failure when ART Started >6 Months Post Partum Lockman NEJM 2007;356:135

  42. Archived Resistance after PMTCT Regimens • SD NVP leads to archiving of resistant HIV in latent CD4+ cells in >8% of women1 • Use of additional drugs reduces but doesn’t eliminate development of NVP resistance2,3 • Resistance to other components of regimen • Postpartum 3TC resistance (15% of exposed women) associated with ~7-fold increased odds of 12-month virological failure in Cote d’Ivoire3 • Wind-Rotolo. JID 2009 • Lehman. JAIDS 2009 • Coffie CID 2008.

  43. First-line Regimen Choice After SD Nevirapine LPVr NVP Alive without Virologic Failure Lockman. CROI Montreal February 2009 Week 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

  44. Case 3 Summary: ART In Women • Consider history of sd-NVP when selecting first-line ART regimen in women • If women received sd-NVP within past 6 months, avoid all NNRTIs in first-line regimen • If women received sd-NVP >6 months prior to ART initiation, okay include NNRTI in 1st line • Recommendations evolving with emerging data • Lamivudine resistance may also be an issue • Higher adherence independently associated with improved outcome regardless of regimen1 1. Coffie CID 2008

  45. UNAIDS Report 2008

  46. Next session: December 17, 2009 Listserv: itechdistlearning@u.washington.edu Email: DLinfo@u.washington.edu

  47. Next session: December 17, 2009 Devika Singh HIV and STIs, Part 4

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