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Chapter 2: History of Environmental Science

Chapter 2: History of Environmental Science. Conservation vs. Preservation Modern Environmental Movement Key Players and Viewpoints. Cultural Changes & the Environment. Human Impact on Environment. Hunters & Gatherers 12,000 years ago. Agricultural Revolution 10,000 – 12,000 Years Ago.

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Chapter 2: History of Environmental Science

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  1. Chapter 2: History of Environmental Science Conservation vs. Preservation Modern Environmental Movement Key Players and Viewpoints

  2. Cultural Changes & the Environment

  3. Human Impact on Environment Hunters & Gatherers 12,000 years ago

  4. Agricultural Revolution 10,000 – 12,000 Years Ago

  5. Agricultural Revolution A. Slash & Burn Cultivation

  6. Agricultural Revolution B. Shifting Cultivation

  7. Industrial Revolution1700s – England, 1800s- U.S.

  8. Human Population Growth

  9. Information & Globalization Revolution ~ 60 Years Ago

  10. Cultural Changes & the Environment Results • More energy & technologies to alter & control planet • Expansion of human population; increase food supply & lifespan • Increase environmental impact because of an increase in resource use, pollution and environmental degradation

  11. Environmental History of US Divided into 4 Eras • Tribal • Frontier • Conservation • Environmental

  12. Tribal Era TRIBAL (up through 1600s) • low environmental impact due to small pops, little technology, lack of infrastructure, little mobility, small footprint, high death rate

  13. Frontier Movement • FRONTIER (1600s – 1890s) • Colonists begin settling North America • Transfer of land from public to private, idea of privatization of resources • Natural resources seemed inexhaustible, exploited quickly • Massive deforestation of the West as it was settled cheaply

  14. Frontier Settlement

  15. Conservation Movement • Alarmed at the rate of degradation, urged for protection of resources for future generations (1864) Man and Nature by George Marsh, discussed human impact as agents of global environmental change

  16. Conservation Movement • Alarmed at the rate of degradation, urged for protection of resources for future generations (1854) Life in the Woods/Walden by Henry David Thoreau, in tune with nature

  17. Conservation Movement • Alarmed at the rate of degradation, urged for protection of resources for future generations (1872) 1st National Park created = Yellowstone (1873) US establishes National Forest Reserves (resources for future generations)

  18. (1892) John Muir 1st President of the Sierra Club • argued nature should exist for its own sake •  leader of the preservationist movement

  19. 1905 US Forest Service Created

  20. (1905) President Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot argued that forests should be saved not for beauty or habitat BUT to provide homes and jobs for people, for the “greatest good of the people”  Pinchot was first chief of US Forest Service based on principles of sustainable yield and multiple use

  21. (1906) Antiquities Act allowed president to protect areas of interest on federal lands as national monuments, Devils Tower, Wyoming, 1st Natl. monument

  22. HetchHetchy Valley (Yosemite National Park) Early 20th Century US Conservation movement Split • Wise use/conservationist school – Roosevelt & Pinchot • All public lands managed wisely – use resources • Preservationist School – Muir • Wilderness areas on public lands left untouched

  23. (1916) National Park Service created (idea advocated by Muir + preservationists) • (1949) A Sand County Almanac by Aldo Leopold – advocate of land ethic perspective

  24. MODERN ENVIRONMENTALISM (1962) Silent Spring by Rachel Carson  awakened public to threats of pollution and chemicals to species  warned of indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides (DDT)  advocated preservation of quality of resources

  25. (1968) The Population Bomb by Paul Ehrlich damage to Earth’s support system from human population explosion

  26. (1970) First National Earth Day, EPA was established

  27. Global Environmentalism concerned with life support systems of the planet not just one particular issue (1972) UN Conference on Human Environment in Stockholm, Sweden (1992) UN Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro  discussed effects of human activities on environmental systems June 2012, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Sustainable Development Government

  28. 1980s - Anti-environmental movement • Reagan not popular with environmental & resource policies • Wise-use movement (industry-backed, anti-environmental)

  29. 1990s - Clinton promised national and global environmental leadership - Criticized for failing to push hard enough

  30. 5 Most Important Environmental Issues to be Faced in 21st Century • Threat of climate change and ecosystem/economic disruption from warming • Growing water shortages & political conflicts over water • Continuing population growth • Continuing biodiversity loss • Continuing poverty

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