EMPOWER PROJECT MEETING Partners Albania, Austria, Bulgária , Italy, Portugal, Romania,

1. 1st MEETING 10-16 Septem,ber 2011 Porto, Portugal EMPOWER PROJECT MEETINGPartnersAlbania, Austria, Bulgária, Italy, Portugal, Romania,

2. PSYCHODRAMA TRAINING Gabriela Moita PSYCHODRAMA  RESEARCH  IN  THE  FIELD  OF  WOMEN SUFFERING  FROM  VIOLENCE:   Mother-daughter   Relationship   And   Gender   Violence

3. Summary 1. An overview about studies with Gender Violence victims 2. The Daphne project 3. Psychodramatic methodology a) Theoretical questions b) Practical applications Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

4. 1. AnoverviewaboutstudieswithGenderViolencevictims 2. TheDaphneproject 3. Psychodramaticmethodology a) Theoreticalquestions b) Practicalapplications Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

5. Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

6. 1. AnoverviewaboutstudieswithGenderViolencevictims Samesemanticfield ? • GenderBasedViolence • Violenceagainstwomen • Domesticviolence • Violenceinintimaterelationships Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

7. 1. AnoverviewaboutstudieswithGenderViolencevictims The assumption in most treatment plans until the ‘70s was that the wrong thing was inside women. The person was the locus of the problem The psychologists’ task would have been to help people to adjust to the circumstances instead of helping them to transform those circumstances. Nogueira, 2004, p.19 Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

8. 1. An overview about studies with Gender Violence victims “The theoretical traditional models of evaluation and intervention in intimacy violence reflect an attempt to solve the problems associated with victimization with a theoretical rationale that legitimates trauma and impotence as a character trait.” Nogueira, 2004 Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

9. 1. AnoverviewaboutstudieswithGenderViolencevictims “Women’s behavior, more than men’s behaviour, was for a long time explained by traditional psychology through the biological condition. Any influence of the different social contexts in men’s and women’s behaviours was neglected.” Nogueira, 2004, p.19 Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

10. 1. AnoverviewaboutstudieswithGenderViolencevictims “The use of traditional psychotherapies for trauma victims has not produced the type of treatment that abused women have found to be truly helpful; modifications in traditional practice are necessary in order for clinicians to work effectively with abuse victims.” Walker, 1994 Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

11. Thecycleofviolence 1. AnoverviewaboutstudieswithGenderViolencevictims Lenore Walker Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

12. 1. AnoverviewaboutstudieswithGenderViolencevictims Modifications must take into account • the impact of the specific form of trauma involved • the individual's unique psychological response to the world • the impact of traditional socialization of women and men • reempowerment • the client's role in helping to determine the course of therapy. • the effects of gender, race, ethnicity, culture, and sexual orientation as part of the larger context surrounding the reality of violence against women in society. Walker, 1994 Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

13. 1. AnoverviewaboutstudieswithGenderViolencevictims The first counsciousness-raising groups appear Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

14. 1. AnoverviewaboutstudieswithGenderViolencevictims Aimsofthesegroups • To increasethepossibilityofthesewomen to analyzetheirpersonalexperiences and thepoliticalcontextswherethoseexperienceswereconstructed • To analyzetheinstitutionalstructures and social norms, as well as attitudes and individual behaviours • To share ressources and power Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

15. 1. AnoverviewaboutstudieswithGenderViolencevictims Achievements in counsciousness-raising groups • destroyed the isolation that men used to maintain their authority and supremacy; • creating a sense of sisterhood; • allowed women to verbalize feelings they may have dismissed as unimportant; • noticed the ways in which a patriarchal, male-dominated society oppressed them Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

16. 1. AnoverviewaboutstudieswithGenderViolencevictims The pioneering feminists had initially thought to use consciousness-raising as a way to figure out what their next action would be. They had not anticipated that the group discussions themselves would end up being seen as a radical action to be feared and criticized. Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

17. 1. AnoverviewaboutstudieswithGenderViolencevictims “Consciousness-raising groups were not a psychological therapy group but rather a valid form of political action” "The Personal is Political,“ Carol Hanisch (1970) Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

18. 1. AnoverviewaboutstudieswithGenderViolencevictims The critical feminists questioned traditional psychology and reconceptualized the phenomenon in its social dimension. “Not only do the circumstances contribute to create the problem, but they are also objectively a part of it”Nogueira, 2004, p.19 Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

19. 1. AnoverviewaboutstudieswithGenderViolencevictims The focus: • the socialcontext where the symptoms are developed • the intention of the treatment is to give empowerment and resilience rather than to cure Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

20. 1. AnoverviewaboutstudieswithGenderViolencevictims Aims of Feminist Therapies • Women’s empowerment; • The compromise with an increase of consciousness; • The establisment of egalitarian therapeutical relationships; • The enhancement of women’s potential; • The involvement of clients in social change Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

21. 1. AnoverviewaboutstudieswithGenderViolencevictims The intervention plans are now integrating: • An educational model of therapy • A conceptualization of the victim as a “survivor” • A gender ideology of therapeutical interventions Machado, 2004 Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

22. 1. AnoverviewaboutstudieswithGenderViolencevictims “The feminist understanding of violence towards women, essential for the deconstruction of the romanticized conception of the private sphere suggests that this kind of violence is connected with cultural beliefs related to gender roles and institutional norms coming from the assimiliation of these beliefs which are present, for example, in marriage and in traditional family.” Carlston, 1984 Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

23. 1. AnoverviewaboutstudieswithGenderViolencevictims The trauma paradigm was the main orientation for intervention models; it is focused too much on the victim’s features and almost nothing on the social conditions. The feminist principles are opposed to the programs that aimed at reducing the client’s symptoms. They are mainly centered in the social conditions Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

24. 1. AnoverviewaboutstudieswithGenderViolencevictims Questioning I… To educate victims about the violence cycle or the strategies used by the opressor poses a problematic epistemological premise: The therapist knows, better than the victim, what will happen in their lives. Machado, 2004 Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

25. 1. AnoverviewaboutstudieswithGenderViolencevictims Questioning II… The conceptualization of the victim as a “survivor” is a simplistic one. It seems to reduce the familiar drama to a simple story were there is a survivor hero and a demonic villain. Machado, 2004 Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

26. 1. AnoverviewaboutstudieswithGenderViolencevictims Questioning III... This view is paradoxical in that it doesn’t pay attention to the cultural dimension of violent behaviors in the case of agressors in the same way it does for the victim. Bad / moral nature / cultural It isnecessary as well to understand the violent behaviours as socially taught and legitimized. Machado, 2004, p.404 Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

27. 1. AnoverviewaboutstudieswithGenderViolencevictims Questioning IV… “Moreover, the power of the therapist that reveals to the woman the role of survivor – as though he was a kind of hidden director of her struggle – puts him in a position of authority and power about the unwinding of the drama that should not be his [the therapist’s] but the protagonist’s.” Machado, 2004, p.404 Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

28. 1. AnoverviewaboutstudieswithGenderViolencevictims Familiar words... Thefeministpsychotherapyisaboveallanopportunity for people to live a lifethatcanfulfillthem more. Kaschak, 2001 The feminist therapists are guiding elements of the process instead of experts trying to impose the dominant views which control a psychology that surely does not serve all equally. Lee, 1997 Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

29. 1. AnoverviewaboutstudieswithGenderViolencevictims “Psychodramafits those aims perfectly as the voice of the protagonist is the main voice. There is no previous script to achieve. There is no previous message to integrate... The aim is to promote/facilitate a “flow of feeling, in connections, and the wisdom of the human heart” Fox, 1986 Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

30. 1. AnoverviewaboutstudieswithGenderViolencevictims Fits with Moreno’s original goal of sociatry: THE HEALING OF SOCIETY... Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

31. 1. AnoverviewaboutstudieswithGenderViolencevictims SOCIATRY The goal of psychotherapy is the treatment of the whole of mankind. J.L. Moreno Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

32. Summary 1. AnoverviewaboutstudieswithGenderViolencevictims 2. TheDaphneproject 3. Psychodramaticmethodology a) Theoreticalquestions b) Practicalapplications Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

33. 2. TheDaphneproject AIMS ofEMPoWER for ourworkguidance Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

34. Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

35. Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

36. 2. TheDaphneproject Rationale: social gender paradigm • “Women must always be available, a logical extension of the natural male domination” • “The assaulted woman is an individual who belongs to an antagonist social group and represents it simbolically” • “Woman as a ‘thing’ to be used for production and ‘reproduction’ (procreaction)” Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

37. 2. TheDaphneproject Rationale: social gender paradigm “To acknowledge the importance of the inter-generational mother-daughter relationship, with strong constraints by the social-cultural evolution.” “The ‘subordination of women’ in a latent form is considered a ‘positive value’ that requires the exercise of violence to be respected.” Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

38. 2. TheDaphneproject Rationale: social gender paradigm “These stereotypes are reflected upon an education suggesting women subordination as a positivevalue for the family.” “A "good girl" is one who carries out household chores and does not ask too many questions.” “A ‘good woman’ is one that carries her family name and the one of her husband through an honourable behaviour (wife of the honourable man).” Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

39. 2. TheDaphneproject Rationale: social gender paradigm “Mothers unconsciously educate daughters to subordination because they think it's fair. This type of education involves high levels of learned helplessness, that is, thinking it is normal to be abused by the own man (or not even consider it as ill-treatment, but as normal behaviour).” Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

40. 2. TheDaphneproject AssumptionsAccording to resultsofstudy “The female response has been recognized as the social dynamic within a particular familial type in which the social relationships are focused on emotional ties, starting from the relationship with the mother in which substantial critical incapacity is produced in women and young girls that makes them trust a man” Testoni, 2011 Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

41. 2. TheDaphneproject AssumptionsAccording to resultsofstudy “Trained by maternal education to be subordinated to men, young-women-daughter are not able to make self-conscious choices that promote their autonomous designer will” Testoni, 2011 Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

42. 2. TheDaphneproject Hypothesis “Throughout the course of human history, where culturally defined reference values accept the supremacy and power of men, the attitudes leading to the subordination and victimization of women are transmitted down the generations through the mother-daughter relationship.” Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

43. Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

44. 2. TheDaphneproject Hypothesis “These cultural values are not challenged by the mother, who then teaches her daughter to respect them, commonly through an abusive relationship that can take the form of psychological or physical abuse or both.” Testoni, 2011 Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

45. 2. TheDaphneproject Finality “Evidencing women’s co-responsibility for their own violence and subordination destiny. This awareness should not throw more blame and burden on women, but must serve as a hub to promote change. Change must necessarily start from women themselves and be for women themselves (as mothers and daughters).” Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

46. 2. TheDaphneproject Overall objective ofEMPoWER “To raise women’s awareness oftheir co-responsibility in taking the role of victim of abuse and passing it on to the daughter; to study the phenomena and to test two methods (ecological and psychodrama) to face them.” Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

47. 2. TheDaphneproject EMpOWERAim • To investigate “(in) the mother-daughter relationship to change the condition of subordination of women that is linked to the justification of violence against women by men” • To intervene Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

48. 2. TheDaphneproject EMpOWERAim To use PD: • To study “The function of the mother’s role in providing assistance to their daughters in dealing with violence” • To modify Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

49. 2. TheDaphneproject EMpOWERAim To use PD: “Mobilize coping strategies allowing a resilience evolutionary path” “Emphasizing the ‘role change’ as a key element in the promotion of resilience” Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita

50. 2. TheDaphneproject EMPoWER FOCUS Mother-Daughter relationship “Women becoming mothers of themselves to overcome subordination to men” Psychodrama Training | Gabriela Moita