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UNIT 1/Chapter 2 NOTES

UNIT 1/Chapter 2 NOTES. Refresh your memory:. ATOMS. Smallest particles unique to each element Consists of: Protons = Atomic Number Neutrons = Atomic # - Atomic Mass Electrons = Protons. Isotopes. Variant forms of Atoms Atoms that vary in neutron numbers Example: Carbon has 3

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UNIT 1/Chapter 2 NOTES

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  1. UNIT 1/Chapter 2 NOTES

  2. Refresh your memory:

  3. ATOMS • Smallest particles unique to each element • Consists of: • Protons • = Atomic Number • Neutrons • = Atomic # - Atomic Mass • Electrons • = Protons

  4. Isotopes • Variant forms of Atoms • Atoms that vary in neutron numbers • Example: • Carbon has 3 • Our body’s cells can use any isotope for metabolic activities • Radioisotopes • Have an unstable nucleus and become more stabilized by spontaneously emitting energy and particles.

  5. Radioisotopes and Cancer • Are used for PET scans to track abnormal cells and their metabolic activity. • Also used in radiation therapy.

  6. Chemical Bonds • Ionic Bonds • Covalent Bonds • Hydrogen Bonds

  7. Ionic Bonds • A bond of 2 or more ions that have opposing charges. • Example: NaCl

  8. Covalent Bonds • Atoms that share a pair of electrons • Can be polar or nonpolar • Example: H2, O2, N2

  9. Hydrogen Bonding • A weak covalent bond between an electronegative atom and a Hydrogen Atom • Example: H20, DNA

  10. Properties of H2O • Hydrogen bond in H20 gives it life-sustaining properties. • Important part of life: • Temperature-stabilizing effects • Cohesion • Capillary Action

  11. pH Scale • Acid = 0-6.9 • Base = 7.1-14 • Neutral = 7 • Based on the concentrations of Hydrogen Ions (H+) & Hydroxide Ions (OH-) • The greater the H+ concentration, the lower the pH

  12. Spicy Food Anyone? • How does an antacid work when we eat spicy food and develop an upset stomach?

  13. Tonight’s Homework • The pH of our blood is between 7.3-7.5. If it declines to 7 it can lead to a coma or if there is an increase in pH (to 7.8) it can lead to tetany.What are different factors that can cause a shift (increase or decrease) in pH in our blood?

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