Existentialism and Absurdism

1. Existentialism and Absurdism OR WHY DOES IT MATTER?

2. EXISTENTIALISM Existentialism emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of individual in a hostile and indifferent universe. It stresses freedom of choice and responsibility for the consequences of one’s acts

3. EXISTENTIALISM It was during the World War II, when Europe found itself in a crisis, faced with death and destruction, that the existentialist movement began to flourish. It was popularized in France in the 1940’s.

4. Existence Precedes Essence This means that Man is Identified by his actions That He is responsible for his actions

5. Conclusions • An individual’s essence is defined by that individual. • The way the individual creates identity is through the way he/she creates or lives their life. • As Jean Paul Sartre put it “Man first of all exists, encounters himself, surges up in the world and defines himself afterwards.”

6. Existentialists insist that personal experience and acting on one’s own is essential in arriving at the truth. Thus, an individual’s understanding of a situation that person is involved in is superior (and more truthful) to the understanding of a detached, objective observer. Truth?

7. ABSURDISM • Instead, the existentialist says that life is ABSURD • Nothing can explain or rationalize human existence. • The efforts of man to find meaning in this life will fail because, well because life has no identifiable meaning/purpose. • Humans exist in a (possibly) meaningless, irrational universe and any search for order will bring them into direct conflict with the universe.

8. So What’s the Point?

9. So What’s the Point? • The “point” is that something (an object or simply living one’s life) must have a higher purpose to justify it. • However, for that higher purpose to have a point, then it too, must have an even higher purpose • So you can see, that every purpose, must have a higher purpose, must have a higher purpose, ad nauseum. • These chains of justification never come to an end, so nothing can be considered the ultimate or transcendent purpose. • And even if something did come to an end, it will not satisfy us. • Rather than not caring, the true existentialist cares deeply. Why? Because everything is for a higher purpose.

10. So for example … • If a cow knew that his higher purpose was to be eaten, that cow would not be satisfied. • If we knew that we were born to die, we could not ultimately find contentment.

11. Choice and Commitment Humans have freedom to choose. Each individual makes choices that create his or her own nature. Because we choose, we must accept risk and responsibility for wherever our commitments take us.

12. How this stuff works… So Ms. Danso – are you saying that if I cross the street and get hit by a bus, that’s my fault? I did not make the bus hit me I did not make a choice to be mushed to a pulp

13. How this stuff works… Yes but .. You did make the choice to get up that morning, take a walk, step into that crosswalk, put one foot in front of the other and place yourself dead on in front of that enormous, moving vehicle. You made the choice to be in that place and that time. “A human being is absolutely free and absolutely responsible. Anguish is the result.” –Jean-Paul Sartre

14. Dread and Anxiety Dread is a feeling of general apprehension. Soren Kierkegaard, the Danish philosopher and theologian often associated with this philosophy, interpreted it as God’s way of calling each individual to make a commitment to a personally valid way of life. Anxiety stems from our understanding and recognition of the total freedom of choice that confronts us every moment, and the individual’s confrontation with nothingness.

15. Alienation and Estrangement From all other humans From human institutions From the past From the future We only exist right now, right here.

16. Summations • All existentialists are concerned with the study of being - called ontology. • TO REVIEW: An existentialist believes that a person’s life is nothing but the sum of the life he has shaped for himself. At every moment it is always his own free will choosing how to act. He is responsible for his actions, which limit future actions. Thus, he must create a morality in the absence of any known predetermined absolute values. Even if God does exist, He does not reveal to men the meaning of their lives (this changes some depending upon the philosopher). Honesty with oneself is the most important value. Every decision must be weighed in light of all the consequences of that action… • Life is absurd, but we engage it!

17. Works that Emphasize Absurdism & Existentialism? • Sartre’s No Exit (not a bad satirical comedy either) • Samuel Beckett (again with the dark comedy) • Dostoevsky’s notes from the Underground (we know that one) • Camus’ Myth of Sisyphus (an extension read for The Stranger?) • Kafka (pretty much all of it!) • Jack Kerouac (a good one….seriously!) • Herman Hesse (Siddhartha)

18. Films & Television • Stanley Kubrick • Monty Python • Fight Club • The Matrix • Toy Story • Groundhog Day • A Clockwork Orange • Blade Runner