INTRODUCTION .

1. THE EFFECTS OF MEXICAN SUNFLOWER ( Tithoniadiversfolia) EXTRACTS APPLIED AS LIQUID MANURE ON THE EMERGENCE AND GROWTH OF SPIDER PLANT (cleomegynandra).ByMbuthia John W.A22/0056/2009Bsc. Agriculture (Crop science Major)SUPERVISED BY. Dr. CECILIA ONYANGO.

2. INTRODUCTION. Mexican sunflower ( Tithoniadiversfolia) • It is an annual aggressive weed growing to a height of 2.5m and is well adapted to most soils though it originated from Mexico. • In Kenya it is used on a wide variety of purposes that include fodder, compost, land demarcation and ornamental purposes. • It is known to accumulate huge amounts of biomass over a short period of time that is 2.0 to 3.9 t dry matter ha–1 for eight-month-old pure stands(King’ara 1998). This biomass has relatively high nutrient concentrations that is N (3.5%), P(0.37) and K(4.1%) hence has a great potential as an organic fertilizer. Research work in Kenya, Malawi and Zimbabwe has reported it as a major nutrient source in maize and rice farming. (Gachenco et al.1999). • Research work by Olabode et al., (2000) concluded that Mexican sunflower with its high nutrient status is a potential soil improver for productivity and recommended it as a green manure or as a major component of compost manure.

3. Spider plant ( cleomegynandra) • It is an erect herbaceous annual herb, which is branched and rather stout. It is grouped among the Afrcan leafy vegetables and its consumption has lead to commercialization in its production. (Chweya J.A 1990) • Its propagated by seed with viable seeds germinating within 4-5 days. Seed germination is however erratic occurring over an extended period. (Chweya and Mnzava, 1997). • Nutrition analysis has found it to be high in certain nutrients including amino acids, vitamins and minerals; as a result it forms an important part of diets.

4. Problem statement. • The high cost of fertilizers inhibits agricultural production systems. • Resource poor farmers. • Environmental conservation. • the prolonged and irregular germination pattern of spider plant hinders synchronized harvesting of the spider plant vegetable.

5. Justification. • Application of readily available environmental friendly organic fertilizers such as mexican sunflower liquid extracts in farming systems will reduce the cost of production hence increased returns to the farmer. • Uniform germination(emergence) of spider plant is important in target market farming.

6. Objective. To evaluate the effect of Mexican sunflower extracts applied as liquid manure on the germination (emergence) and growth of spider plant • Hypothesis. Application of Mexican sunflower extracts as liquid manure will not influence the germination and growth of spider plant.

7. MATERIALS AND METHODS. • The experiment will be carried out in a greenhouse where the spider plants will be grown in pots filled with analyzed soil obtained from the Kabete field station. A soil test will be carried out to determine the pH level, available phosphorous and total nitrogen in the soil. • Di-ammonium Phosphate fertilizer (DAP-18:46:0), Cow manure and Mexican sunflower liquid manure will be used to determine their effects on the spider plant germination and growth. DAP will be applied at the rate of 200 kg/ha, cow manure will be applied at the rate of 20 t/ha (Kimaniand Chweya, 1997) while Mexican sunflower liquid manure will be applied at the rate of 500ml/pot (KARI report,2011).

8. The spider plant will be grown in 2kg pots and the experiment will be laid out as complete randomized design (CRD), with three treatments including a control replicated eight times. • Eight seeds will be planted per pot. • Weeds will be controlled by hand weeding as needed. • Data to be collected will be on: • number of days to germination (emergence), • percentage germination, • number of leaves per plant • plant height. • root average length and number. • Root and shoot fresh and dry weights. • The data will be subjected to Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Genstat statistical software (Layne and Payne, 2006) and means will be compared using Fischer’s least significant test (LSD)

9. Preparation of Mexican sunflower (Tithoniadiversfolia) liquid manure: The liquid manure will be prepared by fermenting the tithoniadiversfolia in water for 4-6 days. Three (3) kgs of fresh tithoniadiversfolia, will be fermented in 50 litres of water for a period of 4 days (Musyimi et al. 2012) and then the solid biomass will be discarded while the water will be used during planting. • Cow manure: Will be collected from the Kabete Field Station in the livestock section. • Chemical fertilizer: Di-ammonium phosphate (DAP- 18:46:0) will be purchased from a local agrovet at Ndumboine.

10. Experimental design: The experiment will involve three treatments that is: • Td :-Tithonia diversfolia liquid manure (500ml/pot) • Cm :cow manure (600g/pot) • F:- fertilizer (DAP: 18:46:0) (8g/pot) • C:- the control

11. EXPERIMANTAL LAYOUT The experiment will be laid in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 32 pots such that 8 pots will carry each treatment.

12. BUDGET

13. WORKPLAN

14. References • Jama, B.C.A, R.J Buresh, A. Niang, C.N Gachenco, G. Nziguheba and B.Amadalo, 2000. Tithoniadiversfolia as green manure for soil fertility improvement in western Kenya . A. Rev. Agroforest. Sys. 49: 201-221. • Chweya, James A. and MnzavaNameusA.. (1997) Cat’s whiskers. Cleome gynandraL. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 11. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy. ISBN 92-9043-303-5 • FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 107. Gynandropsisgynandra (L.) A Tropical leafy vegetable . Its cultivation and Utilization by KimaniWaithaka Ph.D. and J.D Chweya Ph. D. • Evaluation of Tithoniadiversfolia (Hemsl.) A Gray for soil improvement. LandokheAkintola University of Technology, Nigeria. World Journal of Sciences 3(4) : 503-507, 2007.

15. THANK YOU.