Systems Design: Process Costing

1. Systems Design: Process Costing

2. Both systems assign material, labor and overhead costs to products and they provide a mechanism for computing unit product costs. Both systems use the same manufacturing accounts, including Manufacturing Overhead, Raw Materials, Work in Process, and Finished Goods. The flow of costs through the manufacturing accounts is basically the same in both systems. Similarities Between Job-Order and Process Costing

3. Process costing is used when a single product is produced on a continuing basis or for a long period of time. Job-order costing is used when many different jobs having different production requirements are worked on each period. Process costing systems accumulate costs by department. Job-order costing systems accumulated costs by individual jobs. Process costing systems compute unit costs by department. Job-order costing systems compute unit costs by job on the job cost sheet. Differences Between Job-Order and Process Costing

4. Quick Check  Process costing is used for products that are: a. Different and produced continuously. b. Similar and produced continuously. c. Individual units produced to customer specifications. d. Purchased from vendors.

5. Quick Check  Process costing is used for products that are: a. Different and produced continuously. b. Similar and produced continuously. c. Individual units produced to customer specifications. d. Purchased from vendors.

6. Processing Departments Any unit in an organization where materials, labor or overhead are added to the product. The activities performed in a processingdepartment are performed uniformly on allunits of production. Furthermore, the output ofa processing department must be homogeneous. Products in a process costing environment typically flow in a sequence from one departmentto another.

7. Learning Objective 1 Record the flow of materials, labor, and overhead through a process costing system.

8. FinishedGoods Work inProcess Cost of GoodsSold Comparing Job-Order and Process Costing Direct Materials Direct Labor Manufacturing Overhead

9. Comparing Job-Order and Process Costing Costs are traced andapplied to individualjobs in a job-ordercost system. Direct Materials FinishedGoods Jobs Direct Labor Manufacturing Overhead Cost of GoodsSold

10. Comparing Job-Order and Process Costing Costs are traced and applied to departments in a process cost system. Direct Materials Processing Department FinishedGoods Direct Labor Manufacturing Overhead Cost of GoodsSold

11. T-Account and Journal Entry Views of Process Cost Flows For purposes of this example, assume there are two processing departments – Departments A and B. We will use T-accounts and journal entries.

12. Direct Materials • DirectMaterials • Direct Materials Process Cost Flows: The Flow of Raw Materials (in T-account form) Work in Process Department A Raw Materials Work in Process Department B

13. Process Cost Flows: The Flow of Raw Materials (in journal entry form)

14. Direct Labor • Direct Labor • Direct Labor Process Cost Flows: The Flow of Labor Costs (in T-account form) Salaries and Wages Payable Work in Process Department A • Direct Materials Work in Process Department B • Direct Materials

15. Process Costing: The Flow of Labor Costs (in journal entry form)

16. Process Cost Flows: The Flow of Manufacturing Overhead Costs (in T-account form) Work in Process Department A • Direct Materials Manufacturing Overhead • Direct Labor • Actual Overhead • OverheadApplied to Work inProcess • AppliedOverhead Work in Process Department B • Direct Materials • Direct Labor • AppliedOverhead

17. Process Cost Flows: The Flow of Manufacturing Overhead Costs (in journal entry form)

18. Transferred to Dept. B • Transferred from Dept. A Process Cost Flows: Transfers from WIP-Dept. A to WIP-Dept. B (in T-account form) Work in Process Department B Work in ProcessDepartment A • Direct Materials • Direct Materials • Direct Labor • Direct Labor • AppliedOverhead • AppliedOverhead DepartmentA DepartmentB

19. Process Cost Flows: Transfers from WIP-Dept. A to WIP-Dept. B (in journal entry form)

20. Cost of GoodsManufactured Process Cost Flows: Transfers from WIP-Dept. B to Finished Goods (in T-account form) Work in Process Department B Finished Goods • Direct Materials • Cost of Goods Manufactured • Direct Labor • AppliedOverhead • Transferred from Dept. A

21. Process Cost Flows: Transfers from WIP-Dept. B to Finished Goods (in journal entry form)

22. Process Cost Flows: Transfers from Finished Goods to COGS (in T-account form) Work in Process Department B Finished Goods • Direct Materials • Cost of Goods Manufactured • Cost of GoodsManufactured • Cost of GoodsSold • Direct Labor • AppliedOverhead • Transferred from Dept. A Cost of Goods Sold • Cost of GoodsSold

23. Process Cost Flows: Transfers from Finished Goods to COGS (in journal entry form)

24. Equivalent Units of Production Equivalent units are the product of the number of partially completed units and the percentage completion of those units. We need to calculate equivalent units because a department usually has some partially completed units in its beginning and ending inventory. These partially completed units complicate the determination of a department’s output for a given period and the unit cost that should be assigned to that output.

25. + = 1 Equivalent Units – The Basic Idea Two half completed products are equivalent to one complete product. So, 10,000 units 70% completeare equivalent to 7,000 complete units.

26. Quick Check  For the current period, Jones started 15,000 units and completed 10,000 units, leaving 5,000 units in process 30 percent complete. How many equivalent units of production did Jones have for the period? a. 10,000 b. 11,500 c. 13,500 d. 15,000

27. Quick Check  For the current period, Jones started 15,000 units and completed 10,000 units, leaving 5,000 units in process 30 percent complete. How many equivalent units of production did Jones have for the period? a. 10,000 b. 11,500 c. 13,500 d. 15,000 10,000 units + (5,000 units × 0.30) = 11,500 equivalent units

28. Calculating Equivalent Units Equivalent units can be calculatedtwo ways: The First-In, First-Out Method – FIFO is covered in the appendix to this chapter. The Weighted-Average Method – This method will be covered in the main portion of the chapter.

29. Learning Objective 2 Compute the equivalent units of production using the weighted-average method.

30. Equivalent Units of ProductionWeighted-Average Method The weighted-average method . . . Makes no distinction between work done in prior or current periods. Blends together units and costs from prior and current periods. Determines equivalent units of production for a department by adding together the number of units transferred out plus the equivalent units in ending Work in Process Inventory.

31. Treatment of Direct Labor DirectMaterials Direct labor costsmay be smallin comparison toother product costs in processcost systems. ManufacturingOverhead Dollar Amount DirectLabor Type of Product Cost

32. Treatment of Direct Labor DirectMaterials Direct labor and manufacturing overhead may be combined into one classification of product cost called conversion costs. Conversion DirectLabor Dollar Amount DirectLabor ManufacturingOverhead Type of Product Cost

33. Weighted-Average – An Example Smith Company reported the following activity in the Assembly Department for the month of June:

34. Weighted-Average – An Example The first step in calculating the equivalent units is to identify the units completed and transferred out of Assembly Department in June (5,400 units)

35. Weighted-Average – An Example The second step is to identify the equivalent unitsof production in ending work in processwith respect to materialsfor the month (540 units) and adding this to the 5,400 units from step one.

36. Weighted-Average – An Example The third step is to identify the equivalent unitsof production in ending work in processwith respect to conversion for the month (270 units) and adding this to the 5,400 units from step one.

37. Weighted-Average – An Example Equivalent units of production always equals: Units completed and transferred + Equivalent units remaining in work in process

38. Weighted-Average – An Example Materials 6,000 Units Started EndingWork in Process900 Units60% Complete BeginningWork in Process300 Units40% Complete 5,100 Units Startedand Completed 5,400 Units Completed 5,400 Units Completed 900 × 60% 540 Equivalent Units 5,940 Equivalent units of production

39. Weighted-Average – An Example Conversion 6,000 Units Started EndingWork in Process900 Units30%Complete BeginningWork in Process300 Units20%Complete 5,100 Units Startedand Completed 5,400 Units Completed 900 × 30% 270 Equivalent Units 5,670 Equivalent units of production

40. Learning Objective 3 Compute the cost per equivalent unit using the weighted-average method.

41. Compute and Apply Costs Beginning Work in Process Inventory: 400 units Materials: 40% complete $ 6,119 Conversion: 20% complete $ 3,920 Production started during June 6,000 units Production completed during June 5,400 units Costs added to production in June Materials cost $ 118,621 Conversion cost $ 81,130 Ending Work in Process Inventory: 900 units Materials: 60% complete Conversion: 30% complete

42. Cost of beginningWork in ProcessInventory Cost perequivalent unit + Cost added during the period = Equivalent units of production Compute and Apply Costs The formula for computing the cost per equivalent unit is:

43. Compute and Apply Costs Here is a schedule with the cost and equivalent unit information.

44. Compute and Apply Costs Here is a schedule with the cost and equivalent unit information. $124,740 ÷ 5,940 units = $21.00 $85,050 ÷ 5,670 units = $15.00 Cost per equivalent unit = $21.00 + $15.00 = $36.00

45. Learning Objective 4 Assign costs to units using the weighted-average method.

46. Applying Costs

47. Applying Costs

48. Applying Costs

49. Computing the Cost of Units Transferred Out

50. Computing the Cost of Units Transferred Out