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NETE0510 Physical Layer Protocols and Access Technologies

NETE0510 Physical Layer Protocols and Access Technologies. Supakorn Kungpisdan supakorn@mut.ac.th. Virtual Tributary (VT). VTs are the building blocks of the SPE VTxx designates VTs of xx Mbps. Virtual Tributary (VT). 7 VT groups (VTGs) per STS-1, each VTG contain

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NETE0510 Physical Layer Protocols and Access Technologies

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  1. NETE0510Physical Layer Protocols and Access Technologies Supakorn Kungpisdan supakorn@mut.ac.th NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  2. Virtual Tributary (VT) • VTs are the building blocks of the SPE • VTxx designates VTs of xx Mbps NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  3. Virtual Tributary (VT) • 7 VT groups (VTGs) per STS-1, each VTG contain • 4 VT1.5s  1 STS-1 can carry 28 DS1s • 3 VT2s  1 STS-1 can carry 21 E1s • 2 VT3s • 1 VT6 NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  4. Outline • Physical Layer Protocols and Interfaces • Accessing the Network • Copper Access Technologies • Cable Access Technologies • Fiber Access Technologies • Air Access Technologies NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  5. Physical Media • Three major types of physical media • Copper • Twisted-pair, coaxial, twin-axial (twin-ax), broadband (used in CATV) • Fiber • Resistance to electromagnetic signals, not affected by crosstalk, interference, but require more protection • Air • Point-to-point wireless, wireless LAN, cellular, microwave, or satellite NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  6. RS-232-C, EIA-232-E, ITU-T V.24/V.28 • RS-232-C and EIA-232-E are defined by the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) as synchronous interface standards for use with the physical layer • D-shaped 25-pin connector DTE interface to voice-grade modems (DCE) • ITU V.24/V.28 is similar to RS-232-C and provides the international version of the RS-232-C standard • V.24 defines physical interface and V.28 defines electrical interface NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  7. RS-232 NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  8. T1/E1 Framing and Formating • A T1 circuit operates at a speed of 1.544 Mbps  circuit capacity • Throughput is less than 1.536 Mbps • Took twisted wire pairs and accommodated 24 voice conversations instead of one with the use of multiplexers • 24 channels, 8 bits per channel, in a time frame of 125 µs • 192 bits + 1 framing bit = 193 bits per T1 frame • T1 transmits 8000 frames per second • E1 is European standard of the T1 • Offer 2.048-Mbps bandwidth NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  9. HSSI • HSSI is a physical interface at speeds up to 52 Mbps • Become standard interface between DS3 rate of 45 Mbps and the OC-1 SONET interface of 51.84 Mbps for everything from WAN connectivity to a DTE-DCE direct-channel interface NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  10. HSSI (cont’d) Fiber-optic modem NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  11. IEEE802 Physical Interfaces • 3 common MAC physical interfaces for the IEEE 802 architecture model are: • Ethernet (802.3) • Token Ring (802.5) • Wireless LAN (802.11) NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  12. 10-Mbps (Legacy) Ethernet • Many different types of Ethernet access: • 1 Base5, 10Base2, 10Base5, 10BaseF • Each type defines both wiring and device terminating the end of the wiring • 10Base5 (thicknet) and 10Base2 (thinnet) • 10 refers to 10-Mbps Ethernet • Base stands for baseband • Baseband signaling indicates that Ethernet signals are the only signals carried over the media system • Most common connectivity is via twisted-pair using 10BaseT or 100BaseT standards with no more than 100 m from the central bus or switch NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  13. Comparisons of Ethernet Cabling Specifications NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  14. Fast Ethernet • 100 Mbps, new preferred standard • FastEthernet specifications include mechanisms for autonegotiation of the media speed. • Vendor can produce dual-speed Ethernet interfaces that can be installed and run at either 10 Mbps or 100 Mbps automatically • Autonegotiation allows the devices to perform automatic configuration to achieve the best possible mode of operation over a link NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  15. Fast Ethernet (cont’d) • Three media varieties • 100BaseTX: uses 2-pair Category 5 UTP cable • TX segment type is a twisted-pair segment that uses two pairs of wires and is based on data grade twisted-pair physical medium standard developed by ANSI • 100BaseFX: uses fiber-optic cable • FX is based on fiber-optic physical medium standard developed by ANSI and uses two strands of fiber cable • 100BaseT4: uses 4-pair Category 3, 4, or 5 UTP cable • T4 segment type is a twisted-pair segment that uses four pairs of telephone-grade twisted-pair wire NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  16. Gigabit Ethernet • 1000 Mbps • Idea when budget is tight but require higher bandwidth • Employ all the same specifications defined by the original Ethernet standard, including the same Ethernet frame format and size • 1000BaseT physical layer provides 1-Gbps Ethernet signal transmission over four pairs of Cat-5 UTP cable • Use five-level (PAM-5) encoding along with four wire pairs, able to provide 250 Mbps per pair • Can transmit signal for 100 m over twister-pair cable and longer with fiber-optic cable NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  17. Gigabit Ethernet (cont’d) • 1000BaseT: use 4-pair CAT-5 balanced copper cabling and a 5-level coding scheme • 1000BaseCX: use 150-ohm shielded copper cable and supports a max length of 25 m • 1000BaseF: use fiber-optic • 1000BaseFX: use 62.5/125 multimode fiber and supports a max distance of 412 m • 1000BaseSX: use 50.125 or 62.5/125 multimode fiber with max distance of 550 m • 1000BaseLX: use 9/125 single-mode, 50/125 multimode, or 62.5/125 multimode fiber with max distance of 5 kms • 1000BaseZX: use 9/125 single-mode fiber with max distance of 100 kms • 10-Gbps Ethernet: only fiber-optic cable NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  18. Step-index Profile The proportion between diameters of core and cladding e.g. 62.5/125 (µm) NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  19. Wireless LAN (IEEE802.11) • IEEE802.11 specifies connectivity between LAN devices using radio-based equipment • 802.11 is similar to 802.3 for wired LANs but use CSMA/CA instead of CSMA/CD • Collision detection cannot be used for radio frequency transmission because when a node transmits over the air, it cannot hear other nodes on the network • Support two types of operating configurations: • Independent or ad-hoc  do not need an access point • Infrastructure  need an access point • Access point acts as a bridge in a wired LAN NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  20. Wireless LAN (cont’d) NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  21. Wireless LAN (cont’d) NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  22. Token Bus and Token Ring • Physical interface for IEEE802.4 Token Bus and IEEE802.5 Token Ring is the DB connector, interfacing with IBM Type 1 shielded twisted-pair cable. • Coaxial cable connections are also available • Token Ring is usually run in Type 1 (2-pair STP), Type 2 (4-pair STP), Type 3 (UTP), and Type 5 (fiber-optic cable) MDI: medium dependent interface used to connect to other hub or switch without crossover cable required Media access unit (provide logical ring) NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  23. Physical Media Comparison NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  24. Outline • Physical Layer Protocols and Interfaces • Accessing the Network • Copper Access Technologies • Cable Access Technologies • Fiber Access Technologies • Air Access Technologies NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  25. Consumer or Residential Alternatives • Existing copper phone line: • Plain old telephone service (POTS) • Dialup • ISDN • Basic rate interface (BRI) • DSL • Cable line • Cable modem • Wireless • Direct broadcast satellite (DBS) • Very small aperture satellite (VSAT) NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  26. Consumer or Residential Alternatives NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  27. Corporate or Business Access Alternatives • Copper • All consumer methods • DS1, FT3, DS3 • ISDN • Fiber • DS3 • SONET OC-N NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  28. Corporate or Business Access Alternatives NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  29. Outline • Physical Layer Protocols and Interfaces • Accessing the Network • Copper Access Technologies • Cable Access Technologies • Fiber Access Technologies • Air Access Technologies NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  30. UTP • A transmission repeater system over a four-wire twisted-pair is defined and called T1 • Signal and service is referred as a DS1 • T1 circuits are brought to the customer location via either copper or fiber • UTP is very popular type of copper wiring NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  31. UTP Ratings (EIA/TIA Standards) • Category 1 • used for voice and low-speed data transmission up to 56 kbps • Category 2 • Ideal for 4-Mbps token ring, RS-232, RS-422, and AS/400 • Category 3 • Ideal for telephone, $-Mbps token ring, and 10BaseT applications • Category 4 • Used for 16-Mbps token ring • Category 5 • Suitable for 100BaseT Ethernet, 10-Mbps token ring, and OC-3 ATM • Category 5e • Support speed up to 1.2 Gbps and typically used for Gigabit Ethernet • Category 6 • Newly designed for Gigabit Ethernet and future apps NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  32. Dialup or Legacy Analog Modem • Current standard for 56-Kbps modem is V.92 • Prior to 56-Kbps modems, the best speed between two modems was 33.6 Kbps. • With V.90, connection speeds can exceed 50 Kbps • Up to 54 Kbps download, 33.6 Kbps upload • V.92 provides 56 Kbps with enhancements: • Upload speed increased to 48 Kbps: • improve video conferencing and file uploading • Startup time reduced from about 20 seconds to about 10 seconds • Internet call waiting • Receive a call while the modem is still connected NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  33. Dialup or Legacy Analog Modem NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  34. ISDN • ISDN BRI provides one of the best disaster discovery alternatives for services such as FR and IP (VPNs and Internet access) NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  35. ISDN Basics • Built on the TDM hierarchy developed for digital telephony • ITU-T defines two standards for physical interface to ISDN • BRI (Basic Rate Interface) • PRI (Primary Rate Interface) • The physical layer provides transmission capability, activation, and deactivation of terminal equipment (TE) and network termination (NT) data (D)-channel access for TE, maintenance functions, and channel status indications NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  36. ISDN (cont’d) NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  37. ISDN Devices NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  38. ISDN Devices NT1 or NT2 Terminal Adapter ISDN PCI card ISDN router (TE1) NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  39. ISDN Reference Points • R — References the connection between a non-ISDN compatible device Terminal Equipment type 2(TE2)and a Terminal Adapter (TA), for example an RS-232- serial interface. • S — References the points that connect into the customer switching device Network Termination type 2 (NT2) and enables calls between the various types of customer premises equipment. • T — Electrically identical to the S interface, it references the outbound connection from the NT1 to the ISDN network or Network Termination type 1 (NT1). • U — References the connection between the NT1 and the ISDN network owned by the telephone company. NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  40. ISDN Access Options TE1 TE1 ISDN router TE2 TE1 ISDN router NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  41. BRI and PRI • BRI • Provides two 64-kbps bearer (B)-channels for the carriage of user data and one 16-kpbs control and network management D-channel • PRI • 23 64-kbps bearer (B) channels and one 64-kbps signaling channel (North America) 23B+D • 30B+D for international • Higher bandwidth or shared customer devices NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  42. ISDN: BRI NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  43. ISDN PRI (cont’d) • ISDN PRI provides a single 1.544 Mbps DS1 or a 2.048-Mbps E1 data rate channel over a full-duplex synchronous point-to-point channel using TDM hierarchy • DS1 data stream comprises 24 DS0 channels of 64 kbps each containing 23 B-channels at 64 kbps each and one D-channel at 64 kbps NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  44. ISDN: PRI NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  45. T1 Frame Structure NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  46. E1 PRI Frame Structure NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  47. ISDN Protocol Model • Primary ISDN architecture concepts consists of multiple devices connecting through an ISDN network termination device (TE)into the central office environment where information services are provided NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  48. ISDN Information Services Concept NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  49. ISDN Protocol Architecture NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  50. ISDN Protocol Architecture • ISDN introduced the notion of multiple planes: • Bearer service (or user plane) • Control plane • Management plane NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

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