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Seminar Topics

Seminar Topics. Dry Matter (Oven Drying). Jordan Johnson. What is Dry Matter?.

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Seminar Topics

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  1. Seminar Topics

  2. Dry Matter (Oven Drying) Jordan Johnson

  3. What is Dry Matter? • Dry matter represents everything that is in the feed except for the water content. This will include protein, fibre, fat and minerals etc. The dry matter will be the total weight of the feed minus the weight of the water content. (Ben Whetstone, 2014)

  4. What is Dry Matter useful for? • Moisture in the feed will dilute the concentration of nutrients but its does not have a major influence on intake so a feed that has more dry matter in has got more nutrients in. It is important to always balance and evaluate rations on a dry-matter basis. (Beef.unl.edu, 2014)

  5. Are there any limitations ? • Dry Matter does not have any limitations but it is essential that the animal has got some sort of water in their diet as feed with a lot of dry matter does not have much moisture in the feed.

  6. References! • Ben Whetstone, U. (2014). Common Terms Used in Animal Feeding and Nutrition | CAES Publications | UGA. [online] Caes.uga.edu. Available at: http://www.caes.uga.edu/publications/pubDetail.cfm?pk_id=7876 [Accessed 22 Apr. 2014]. • Beef.unl.edu, (2014). Understanding Feed Analysis | UNL Beef | University of Nebraska-Lincoln. [online] Available at: http://beef.unl.edu/learning/feedanalysis.shtml [Accessed 23 Apr. 2014].

  7. Summary • All feeds contain water • You cant make an accurate comparison of feeds if one has a higher water content then the other • Dry matter analysis removes the water from the sample

  8. Summary: Method • Dry-matter weight is determined by drying the feed in the oven at 105°C for 12-15 hours and weighing. • Dry organic matter (DOM) is determined by weighing the dry matter, then burning its organic matter in a furnace at 550°C for eight hours. • The difference between the dry-matter weight and the weight of the ash remaining is the DOM weight of the feed.

  9. Amino Acid Analysis Jessica Gough

  10. Amino acid analysis – what is it? • Amino acids exist either individually or bound in peptides and proteins. • Two parts to amino acid analysis: - Hydrolysis • - Separation, Detection and Quantification • (Sigma-Aldaich 2014)

  11. What is hydrolysis? • Achieved by acidic conditions • Compromises between time and temperature requirements • Sensitive amino acids destroyed • ADDITIONS: • Second phase hydrolysis – shortens hydrolysis time - improves yield of amino acids • (Sigma-Aldaich 2014)

  12. WHAT IS Separation, Detection and Quantification ? • Hydrolysed samples (amino acids) • Separation - separated by ion exchange chromatography using sodium ciltrate. • - definite separation of amino acids • Detection – reacted post column with reagent • -- detectable compounds • -- eliminates interferences from sample matrix • Quantitiy – weighing and collection of amino acids • (AltaBioScience 2014)

  13. What can it be used for? • Scientific experiments • Nutritional assessments of proteins in animal food • Characterisation of recombinant proteins • (AltaBioScience2014)

  14. Thanks for listening! • Harvard references: • Amino Acid Analysis. (2014). 1st ed. [ebook] Alta Bio Science, pp.1,2. Available at: http://www.altabioscience.com/media/New_Amino_Acid_Analysis_technical_document_now_available_3_amino-acid-analysis-technical-brochure1361200404.pdf [Accessed 29 Apr. 2014]. • Sigma-Aldrich, (2014). Amino Acid Analysis. [online] Available at: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/analytical-chromatography/analytical-reagents/amino-acid-analysis.html [Accessed 29 Apr. 2014].

  15. Summary • All proteins are made from a combination of amino acids • Some amino acids are essential for animals and must be contained in the diet • Higher quality proteins contain greater amounts of the essential amino acids • Being able to analyse which amino acids are used to formulate the feed means the ideal diet can be selected

  16. Summary cont • Amino acids all have the same basic structure except the R group differs. • Amino acid hydrolisis splits the proteins down into individual amino acids by putting the sample through a variety of reactions which allow the R groups to react differently. • This then allows the individual amino acids to be identified

  17. Proximate Analysis Amy Ashmore

  18. Description • The Proximate analysis of feed is to determine a variety of macronutrients in feed. • It Is the separation of different feed compounds, these compounds are separated in 6 categories which are of common chemical properties. • The 6 Categories are; (Feed-additives.evonik,2014) • Moisture(crude water) • Crude ash • Crude protein • Fats/lipids • Crude fibre • Nitrogenfree extractives (NFE).

  19. The Weende system of proximate analysis has been generally used for all of the fore-going objectives in all of nutrition for humans, nonruminant and ruminants. (DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEM OF FEED ANALYSES AND ITS APPLICATION TO FORAGES 1, 2014)

  20. (Aquaculture.ugent.be, 2014)

  21. What its useful for? • As stated by (wiseGEEK, 2014) ‘For livestock, feed is tested to ensure that it contains enough protein, fats, and carbohydrates for healthy animals.’

  22. Any limitations? • Crude fibre is determined chemically; • Many failures to achieve the replacement of crude fiber have been due to inadequate un- derstanding of the meaning and purpose of fiber determinations. (Van Soest, 1967)

  23. (Fao.org, 2014)

  24. It does not give a true estimate of the least digestible part of fibre in many feedstuffs – particularly straw. (Harris et al, 2009)

  25. References • Aquaculture.ugent.be, (2014). Analytical Techniques in Aquaculture Research. [online] Available at: http://www.aquaculture.ugent.be/Education/coursematerial/online%20courses/ATA/analysis/proxi.htm [Accessed 25 Apr. 2014]. • DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEM OF FEED ANALYSES AND ITS APPLICATION TO FORAGES 1. (2014). 1st ed. [ebook] P. J. Van Soest, p.2. Available at: http://www.journalofanimalscience.org/content/26/1/119.full.pdf [Accessed 28 Apr. 2014]. • Fao.org, (2014). NUTRITION OF FISH AND CRUSTACEANS A LABORATORY MANUAL. [online] Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/ab479e/ab479e03.htm [Accessed 28 Apr. 2014]. • Feed-additives.evonik.com, (2014). Analysis of feed- Feed Additives, methionine, biolys, threonine, tryptophan, mepron, creAMINO. [online] Available at: http://feed-additives.evonik.com/product/feed-additives/en/about/healthy-nutrition/feeding-strategies/pages/feed-analysis.aspx [Accessed 24 Apr. 2014]. • Harris, J., Gleason, P., Sheean, P., Boushey, C., Beto, J. and Bruemmer, B. (2009). An introduction to qualitative research for food and nutrition professionals. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(1), pp.80--90. • Van Soest, P. (1967). Development of a comprehensive system of feed analyses and its application to forages. Journal of animal Science, 26(1), pp.119--128. • wiseGEEK, (2014). What Is Proximate Analysis?. [online] Available at: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-proximate-analysis.htm [Accessed 24 Apr. 2014].

  26. Summary • Use the following link to explain method used; • http://feed-additives.evonik.com/product/feed-additives/en/about/healthy-nutrition/feeding-strategies/pages/feed-analysis.aspx

  27. Summary cont. • Proximate analysis shows the relative proportions of the major nutrients of a food sample • This gives an idea of the nutritional value • It is an early stage analysis though and does not provide detailed information of the nutrients (eg the amino acid profile)

  28. Bomb Calorimetry Alex ashmore

  29. What is bomb calorimetry • Bomb calorimetry is an experiment used to measure combustion. (heat/temperature) • This is done by using oxygen (O2) and water (H2O) and a sample of fuel or food. (Bomb Calorimetry, 2014)

  30. How it works • The sample is put into the chamber where it will be heated up in an oxygen filled environment surrounded by water. • The sample is then ignited with cotton in the ignition chamber. • The sample is burned in a metal chamber that is placed in a well-insulated vessel of water. • Heat generated by the burning is transferred to the water. • The increase in temperature of the water and the measured weights of both the substance and the water are used to determine the heat released by the substance. • The heat is then measure with a thermostat. (How Does A Calorimeter Work, 2014)

  31. Is bomb calorimetry useful? • This experiment is used to work how many calories are in your food • It Measures the energy content of food • Allows you to see how much energy is released and how much energy is absorbed from the food. • Calorimetry Allows proteins, fats, carbohydrates, alcohol, organic acids to be measured. • with animal food, scientists measure the food (input), and the animal's feces and urine (output) to determine how effective certain types of food are for the animal. (Fishersci.com, 2014)

  32. Are there any limitations? •  The heat energy that the experiment is trying to capture can easily be lost to the environment and then cannot be measured. • Its difficult to keep to system closed • The sample used may not be pure, or can be uneven therefore the sample will not be heated correctly and the results would be corrupt • Some samples used may react slowly therefore would not be beneficial for a calorimeter e.g. oxidation of iron. • Minerals are oxidized. (eHow UK, 2014)

  33. references • Bomb Calorimetry. 2014. [online] Chem.hope.edu. Available at: <http://www.chem.hope.edu/~polik/Chem345-2000/bombcalorimetry.htm> [Accessed 17 Apr. 2014]. • eHow UK, (2014). What is a calorimeter & what are its limitations? | eHow UK. [online] Available at: http://www.ehow.co.uk/info_8290898_calorimeter-its-limitations.html [Accessed 23 Apr. 2014]. • Fishersci.com, (2014). Scientific Standard. [online] Available at: http://www.fishersci.com/ecomm/servlet/cmstatic?href=Scientific/researchAnalytical/ProductsServices/Food_Diagnostics/food_beverage_newsletter_bombcal.jsp&store=Scientific&storeId=10652 [Accessed 23 Apr. 2014]. • How Does A Calorimeter Work. 2014. [online] Oxygenbombcalorimeter.com. Available at: <http://www.oxygenbombcalorimeter.com/how-does-a-calorimeter-work.htm> [Accessed 17 Apr. 2014].

  34. Summary • bomb calorimetry is used to work out the calorie content of the food. • Remember 1 calorie is defined as the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree • Samples are analyzed both before ingestion and after defecation to allow the energy content to be compared (and to calculate the DE of the feed)

  35. Gas Chromatography! http://web.nmsu.edu/~kburke/Instrumentation/GC.html Ashleigh Holmes

  36. What is gas chromatography? Gas chromatography is the separation of a mixture of compounds into separate components. By separating the sample into individual components, it is easier to identify and measure the amount of the various sample components(Chem.agilent.com, 2014).

  37. The uses of gas chromatography It is largely used for separating a compound from mixture. Or separating a particular substance from a mixture, or a substance or chemicals in a complex sample (Uk.answers.yahoo.com, 2014). Gas chromatographyis a laboratory technique that’s used in separating mixtures of chemicals into their individual compounds. In forensic science, it’s normally used for analysis of body fluids for the presence of illegal substances, for example testing of blood from a crime scene and to detect residue from explosives (Uk.ask.com, 2014).

  38. Gas chromatography limitations The limitations of Gas Chromatography are dependant on the decomposition of the substance your working with. It is dependant on the substances ability to be vaporized without being decomposed. It is also dependant on the substance not being either to hot or to cold for the process to work. If the temperature is not correct it will destroy the whole column of the substance(Uk.ask.com, 2014).

  39. References! Chem.agilent.com. 2014. [online] Available at: https://www.chem.agilent.com/cag/cabu/whatisgc.htm [Accessed: 8 Apr 2014]. Uk.answers.yahoo.com. 2014. What can Gas Chromatography be used for? - Yahoo Answers. [online] Available at: https://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20111221001213AAvvgHX [Accessed: 8 Apr 2014]. Uk.ask.com. 2014. Use of Chromatography in Forensic Science?. [online] Available at: http://uk.ask.com/question/how-is-gas-chromatography-used-in-forensics [Accessed: 8 Apr 2014]. Uk.ask.com. 2014. Limitations of Gas Chromatography?. [online] Available at: http://uk.ask.com/question/limitations-of-gas-chromatography [Accessed: 8 Apr 2014].

  40. Summary • This is a useful method for breaking down a sample into individual components • It involves a sample being vapourised and injected onto the head of the chromatographic column. • The sample is transported through the column by the flow of inert, gaseous mobile phase. • The column itself contains a liquid stationary phase which is adsorbed onto the surface of an inert solid

  41. Results • The readings given from the sample depend on the physical and chemical properties of the sample. • Some components will pass through more quickly then others allowing a readout to be given

  42. Usage and limitations • Commonly used to detect trace elements within a sample and to test for contaminations • Results can be very detailed so normally used after a broader spectrum analysis (eg proximate analysis) to breal down a specific sample

  43. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for mycotoxins! http://www.pall.com/main/laboratory/literature-library-details.page?id=1252 By KEELY fELLOWS

  44. What is HPLC for mycotoxins? • HPLC is an analytical technique used by chemists and biochemists to understand the elemental composition of a drug substance, chemical substance, or food product (Waters.com, 2014). • This is a method used regularly for liquid separation of mixtures. • Separation is achieved by using a liquid mobile phase to separate the components of the sample. The components are dissolved in a solvent and forced through a chromatography column packed with particulates or porous layers under high pressure. As the sample is resolved into its components they are then passed through a detector and a chromatograph is generated (Coleparmer.co.uk, 2014).

  45. What is it useful for? • HPLC is a useful method and is very important as it purifies liquids therefore making them safe for human use/human consumption. Are there any limitations? • The main limitation is the size of the column packaging. The larger the column packaging the longer the separation so therefore the smaller, more narrower column packaging have a much faster separation as a higher pressure is required. The use of high pressures in a narrow column allowed for a more effective separation to be achieved in much less time than was required for previous forms of liquid chromatography (Chemwiki.ucdavis.edu, 2014).

  46. References! • Waters.com. 2014. HPLC Solutions. [online] Available at: http://www.waters.com/webassets/sem/hplc.html?xcid=183infoIN&gclid=CPWu-aTs0L0CFcF92wodKlcAmw [Accessed: 8 Apr 2014]. • Coleparmer.co.uk. 2014. High Performance Liquid Chromatography HPLC from Cole-Parmer United Kingdom. [online] Available at: http://www.coleparmer.co.uk/Category/High_Performance_Liquid_Chromatography_HPLC/50089?referred_id=19643&gclid=CNKyxZLw0L0CFe6WtAodJy4AXg [Accessed: 8 Apr 2014]. • Chemwiki.ucdavis.edu. 2014. High performance liquid chromatography - Chemwiki. [online] Available at: http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Instrumental_Analysis/Chromatography/High_performance_liquid_chromatography [Accessed: 8 Apr 2014].

  47. Summary • Mycotoxins are naturally occurring chemicals produced by certain moulds which can be fatal to animals • HPLC is a method of identifying if food is contaminated with Mycotoxins

  48. Summary continued • It’s a very specific test • Every batch will need to be tested if there is a risk of contamination (quality control)

  49. Apparent digestibility, True digestibility By Ellenor Blackburn

  50. The Terms: Apparent Digestibility. • Apparent digestibility is the percentage of feed retained by an animal. • This can be estimated by subtracting nutrients contained in the faecal extractions from the nutrients contained in the dietary food intake. • It does not include nutrients lost as methane gas or as metabolic waste products excreted in the faeces. (Fao.org, 2014) • Apparent digestibility also measures the digestibility of amino acids of the dietary intake. (The Poultry Site, 2014)

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