EVOLUTION

1. EVOLUTION

2. EQ: WHAT The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection What is Evolution? Evolution is the gradual change in a species over time. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3265bno2X0 http://science.discovery.com/video-topics/earth-science/galapagos-beyond-darwin-charles-darwin.htm

3. Who was Darwin and what did he observe? • Charles Darwin - a naturalist • Naturalist - studies plants and animals by observing them • He sailed around the world on the HMS Beagle • He developed a theory of how evolution can take place

4. Darwin’s Observations • Differences among species: • Tortoises – different shaped shells • Finches – different shaped beaks • some were so different that they were from different species Variations – a slight difference in inherited traits in members of a species • each island had a different environment.

5. Finches had different shaped beaks. He wondered if they all evolved from the same species.

6. Darwin’s Conclusions: • There was a relationship between species and their food source Long necked tortoise - on islands with cactus Short necked tortoise on islands with grass • The different species must have shared a common ancestor and their characteristics changed over time to match the environment • Adaptations – an inherited trait that increases an organisms chance of surviving and reproducing.

7. What other Scientist’s Theories influenced Darwin? 1. Charles Lyell: said the earth changes over time Darwin thought if the earth changed over time, what about life?

8. 2. Lamark- Proposed that organisms acquire traits they need to survive • They change their characteristics by using/not using parts of their bodies • He thought that enhanced characteristics would be passed on to offspring.

9. Lamark made one mistake Lamark’s mistake – he was observing acquired characteristics - they do not become part of the DNA that is passed on Inherited characteristics – are passed on through the DNA • changes in the DNA are caused by mutations.

10. With your shoulder partner • Divide a sheet of paper into two columns and title the first one Inherited Characteristics. Title the second column Acquired Characteristics. • 1.In the second column, list the characteristics that you believe you have always had. For example, you may have brown eyes or curly hair. • 2. In the first column, list your acquired characteristics. For example, you may have learned how to play a musical instrument. • 3. Which of the items in your lists do you think you might pass on to your children? Explain your answer.

11. 3. Thomas Malthus: A struggle for survival exists. • Populations are limited by the amount of food, disease, competition, and predation • Organisms that survived probably had traits that helped them survive that they passed on to their offspring

12. What was Darwin’s Theory • Most evolution happens through the natural selection of advantageous traits Natural Selection – the process by which populations with helpful variations - live longer and compete better and reproduce more than those that do not have those variations

13. Exit • What is evolution? • What is an adaptation? What example of an adaptation do you see in the picture to the right. • Describe what happens in natural selection • How might this moth species evolve ? http://media.hhmi.org/biointeractive/click/finch/

14. Bellworkwednesday • What is evolution? • Describe what happens in natural selection • Explain why we say that individual organisms don’t evolve. • Explain this cartoon

15. What are the 4 parts of Natural Selection? Natural selection is the process by which organisms that inherit advantageous traits tend to reproduce more that the other organisms do. “survival of the fittest” http://sciencenetlinks.com/interactives/evolution.html

16. Reproduction An organism produces many offspring that inherit its characteristics ex/ fish have hundreds of offspring, only a small number will survive

17. Variation • There are natural differences in traits in the organisms, some give them an advantage that is passed on to offspring • Ex.

18. Competition • As animals compete for resources – the ones with the advantages will survive and pass on their traits to the next generation

19. Selection • Over many generations, the advantageous trait becomes more common in the population as it is passed on to other generations

20. What is Artificial selection? • Instead of nature picking desired traits, humans select them (selective breeding)

21. Artificial selection (selective breeding)

22. What

23. Natural Selection Video • http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/making-fittest-natural-selection-and-adaptation

25. Bellworkthurs • Describe how the illustration above illustrates natural selection • What did Darwin observe on the Galapagos islands • There are 6 fish in the tank. 3 are green and 3 are red. A new predator fish is added to the tank and 2 of the red fish disappear. Which part of natural selection is being observed?

26. Finch identification • http://media.hhmi.org/biointeractive/click/finch/

27. Flow Chart • Create a flow chart about natural selection. Complete the flowchart by writing a sentence and a word describing each factor that leads to natural selection. • What is an adaptation? • Interpret this cartoon.

28. EQ: How do species change over time? • by becoming better adapted to their environment through natural selection. • Sometimes they evolve so much that they can no longer reproduce with the rest of the species – they become a new species.

29. What are adaptations? • characteristics that help a species survive and reproduce

30. What are some types of adaptations • Structural – physical characteristics that help an organism survive in its environment • Color, shape etc… • Behavioral – the way an animal acts to help it survive in its environment • Night hunting, herds • Functional – internal body systems that affect biochemistry • hibernation

31. Adaptations • Adaptations video Video Review • http://www.nhptv.org/natureworks/quiz.htm http://video.nhptv.org/video/1492015101

32. Exit ticket: Identify the following adaptations as structural or behavioral and describe how they might help the organism survive or reproduce in it’s environment: • A beaver builds a lodge (dam) • Butterfly’s long tongue • A frogs skin that looks like a dead leaf • A bird’s mating ritual • What do you think would happen to a species if it couldn’t adapt?

33. Bellwork 12/12 • Define natural selection and list the 4 things necessary for evolution to happen • Define evolution • Define adaptation A farmer grew 3 kinds of tomato plants to see which produced the most fruit. Plant A 10 tomatoes Plant B 30 tomatoes Plant C 13 tomatoes • What is his independent variable, • what is his dependent variable • Create a bar graph comparing the types of tomatoes

34. Evolution Lab • You will have about 5 minutes at each station. Make sure to QUIETLY conduct your investigation • Remember to record your data and your group data for each beak • Clean up after your group at each station. • When you are finished, complete your analysis and conclusions and remember to make a proper bar graph for each kind of beak • Hand in your lab into the appropriate tray when finished. • Anyone who is unable to cooperate will complete an alternate activity.

35. Bellwork: 12/16 • A student is conducting an experiment to see if video game exercise is as effective as the real thing. The following is their heartrate • What is the independent variable (x) • What is the dependent variable (y) • Create a double bar graph to show data

36. After the quiz • Complete the Fossil Hunt reading worksheet. Answer questions 5-8 in worksheet, and questions on the back.

37. Bellwork • Questionss from fossil hunt – on index card

38. Evidence of Evolution

39. What evidence supports evolution • Fossil Evidence • Common Structures • Similar DNA • Developmental Similarities

40. Bellwork – 12/9 • During the industrial revolution, the peppered moth was white with small black speckles. Over time it evolved to being almost black in parts of the UK because of heavy industrial pollution. The change made it less obvious to predators against backgrounds of grime and soot. Now in post-industrial Britain, 200 years after Darwin's birth, the moth is changing back to its original white color as air pollution is cleaned up. • 1. Why do you think there were more black moths after the industrial revolution? • 2. How might the black color have been an advantage to the moths survival? • 3. Why do you think there are now more white moths? • 4. How do you think moth color might be different in the country rather than in the cities?

41. Bellwork 12/9 The picture shows tortoises from different islands in the Galapagos. Use what we have learned to write 2 or 3 sentences inferring why the tortoises from different islands look different. Include what process may have caused the differences? • In Friday’s lab we used different tools to represent different types of bird beaks. This is an example of: natural selection/genetic variation • In most cases the birds with a spoon beak had the best adapation/competition to pick up the macaroni. • Camoflage and Hunting at Night are both examples of adaptations/mutations that help organisms survive • What is the main process that has to happen for evolution to take place?