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QUICK REVIEW OF WORLD WAR I. THE CAUSES. THE ALLIANCE SYSTEM The Triple Entente : Russia, France, Britain ( ENTENTE CORDIALE/ALLIES) *Italy, USA, British Colonies The Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy* (Central Powers) (Turkey and Bulgaria). 2. Militarism .
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THE CAUSES • THE ALLIANCE SYSTEM • The Triple Entente : Russia, France, Britain (ENTENTE CORDIALE/ALLIES) *Italy, USA, British Colonies • The Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy* (Central Powers) (Turkey and Bulgaria)
2. Militarism • building up armed forces,getting ready for war. • Naval Rivalry between Britain and Germany • France and Germany in an Arms Race
3. Imperialism • France: wanted lost territory—Alsace/Lorraine), parts of Africa (Morocco). • Germany: wanted her own Empire, which conflicted with France and Russia—Africa and Balkans. • Austria-Hungary: wanted territory—Bosnia (Parts of the Ottoman Empire) • Russia: wanted the Dardanelles—a trade route from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. • Britain: wanted to keep Gibraltar.
4. Nationalism • A-H: made up of a variety of ethnicities. Bosnians were SLAVIC/SERBIAN (affiliated with Russia—religion and ethnicity) • Germany: nationalism encouraged by Kaiser Wilhelm II (same ethnicity as A-H) • Britain and France: intense pride in their nation
Steps • Series of Moroccan Crises • A-H annexation of Bosnia • Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand on June 28th, 1914 by GavriloPrincip—a Serb nationalist (Black Hand)
THREE PERSPECTIVES ON THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCES The Treaty of Versailles
George Clemenceau: • Realist • Wants: • dismember Germany • revenge • guaranteed safety • stripped of industry and armed forces • People: supported him • What excerpts from Treaty did he support? • War Guilt Clause • Alsace and Lorraine • Military restrictions • de-militarized Rhine valley • Forbid reunification of Austria and Germany
Woodrow Wilson • Idealist • Wants: • just and lasting peace • creation of the League of Nations • Democracy • People: • didn’t support him • Treaty of Versailles defeated by US Senate WHY? • What excerpts from Treaty did he support? • League of Nations • Constitution of League • Alsace and Lorraine • Disarmament
Lloyd George • Middle of the Road • Wants: • revenge and reparations—but do not cripple Germany • feared refugees and communism • wanted a trading partner in Germany • People: supported him • What excerpts from Treaty did he support? • War Guilt Clause • Military restrictions • surrender merchant fleet • League of Nations mandates
SELF-DETERMINATION • Former Yugoslavia • Former Soviet Union • Middle East—Palestine • Russia and Chechens • China and Tibet • Kurds in Iraq • WWII-German people in Austria and Poland and Sudetenland
SOCIAL EFFECTS: • WOMEN: • Roles changed—factory and office workers • Right to Vote • Social and Political Power were exercised i.e. Women’s Christian Temperance Movement • Gained Social Freedom—changing clothes • URBANIZATION: • Move to cities • Automobiles became important • With automobile leisure time became important, teenagers
ECONOMIC EFFECTS: • Very expensive—industrialization • Allies owed money to the US • German and Russian economies in ruin
POLITICAL EFFECTS: • Balance of Power and Alliance system destroyed • Autocracies collapsed—where one ruler wields power—Kaiser Wilhelm/Germany; Tsar Nicholas II/Russia • Russia became communist (we will learn about this in a few days)
FALLOUT FROM WWI: • Rise of Nazism in Germany • Rise of Fascism in Italy • Failures of the League of Nations • The Second World War