Social Development and its Experiences in China

1. Social Development and its Experiences in China Department of Social and Cultural Studies, CAG Gong Weibin, Prof.

2. Outline 1. Main Achievements 2. Main transitions 3. Main experiences

3. 1. Achievements since 1978

4. Main Achievements 1. Engel coefficient (2011): 36.3％ for city families, 40.4% for peasant families. poverty reduction in rural areas. 2. Education: 99.79% school age children at school (2011), 30% youth (18-22 yrs old) at colleges (2012). 3. Life expectance in 2012, 75 yr old. 4. In 2008, 29th Olympic Games and Space Shuttle with astronauts walking in space. 5. By the end of March, 2013, 1.146 billion cell phone users and 817 mobile million internet users.

5. New villages and cities

6. space shuttle with astronauts

7. Engel's coefficient • Engel's coefficient--the proportion of expense on food to the consumption expense. • According to the FDA, UN, over 60% means absolute poverty, 50%—59% means surviving, 40-49% means well-being and 30—39% means rich and 20-29% means the richest.

8. Poverty in Rural Areas

9. 2. Main Transitions 2.1 From planned economy to market economy 2.2 From close-door to open to the outside world 2.3 From rural society to urbanization 2.4 From four modernizations to comprehensive well-off society 2.5 From single development to scientific development 2.6 From all-round government to limited government

10. 2.1 From planned economy to market economy 2.1.1 From1978 to 1992: Commercial economy with plan • Rural reform starting the process of reform-and-open in China 2) City state-owned and collective-owned enterprises starting to reform 3) Commercial economy with plan 2.1.2 establishing market economy in 1993 • In the beginning of 1992, Dengxiaoping’ important talk in the south: Market economy doesn’t equal to capitalism and market economy is also needed by socialist countries. 2) In October,1992, the 14th Party Congress decided to establish socialist market economy in China

11. 2.2 From close-door to opening to the outside world 1) Since 1980’s to 1990’s , opening to the outside world from costal lines to borders and inland 2) From GATT to WTO Because of historical reason, China, P.R. was not a member of GATT from 1950 to 2001. In 1986, China applied to reenter GATT. In 1996, WTO taking place of GATT After 15’s hard negotiation, China started to be a member of WTO in 2001.

12. 2.3. From rural society to urbanization • Two different systems of household registration 2) Migrant peasants from inland to costal areas and villages to cities. 3) By the end of 2012, 700 million people in cities, urbanization 52.6%. 30 cities which each one has over 8 million people, among which 13 cities have over 10 million people.

13. Opening up

14. Migrant peasant workers

15. 2.4. From four modernizations to comprehensive well-being society 1) In 1950’s, MaoZedong put forward a strategy to realize Four Modernizations. Namely, modernizations of agriculture, industry, national defense, and both science and technology. Unfortunately from 1966 to 1976, Cultural Revolution happened. 2) In 1980’s DongXiaoping put forward a strategic goal to build a well-being society as the lowest target of Four Modernization till the end of 20th century and realize modernization on the whole by the mid of 21st century. 3) In 1997, China declared the well-being society was realized 3 years earlier than planned but it was low level, incomplete and imbalanced.

16. Well-off Society indicators In 1991, 12 ministries and departments in National Bureau of Statistics made up 16 indicators of Well-being society. 1) 2500USD, Per capita GDP 2) 2400 yuan, the per capita disposable income 3) 1200 yuan, per-capita net income of rural people 4) 12 m2, Housing space for per city resident 5) 15 m2, Housing space of iron, bricks and wood structure for per peasant 6) 75 g protein, per person daily 7) 8 m2 road ofhard cover, per urban resident

17. Well-off society indicators (2) 8) 85% administrative villages having roads to the outside 9) 50% of Engle’s coefficient 10) 85% of adult literate 11) 70 yrs old of average life expectancy 12) 3.1% of newborn mortality 13) Education and entertainment expenditure percentage reaching 11% 14) 100% household having TV 15、 15% offorest coverage rate 16、100% counties reaching the level of rural primary health care

18. indicators for the all-round well-off society The following 10 indicators up to 2020： 1) over 3000 $ /per capita GDP. This is the fundamental symbol of realization of a well-off society in an all-round way. 2) 18000 yuan of average disposable income for per city resident (according to the price in 2000, same as the following). 6859.6 yuan in 2001. 3) 8000 yuan for average net income for per person in rural area.2366.4 yuan in 2001. 4) Lower than 40% of Engle’s co-efficient . 46% in 2001. 5) Average 30m2 of housing space for per city resident.19 m2 in 2001.

19. indicators for the all-round well-off society (2) 6) Over 50% of urbanization rate. 37.66% in 2001. 7) 20% households have computers. 9.7% of city households while 4.2% nationally in 2000. 8) Over 20% of College enrollment . 15% in 2000. 9) Over 2.8 doctors per 1000 people. 2 in 2000, which is more than the average in the world. 10) Over 95% of the city poor having public lowest life protection.71.6% in 2001.

20. 2.5 From single development to scientific development Consciousness of crisis 1. In 2003, scientific view of development raised. 2. In 2004, harmonious society raised.

21. What is the view of development It is an essential view and opinion about the nature, aim, connotation and requests of development. It contains that what development is, why should development be needed and both how to develop and how to evaluate development.

22. The connotation of SVD Put the people first Overall development Balanced development Sustainable development

23. 2.6 from all-round government to limited government • Framework of Chinese Government 2. Brief history of administrative system reforms

24. Central Government Provincial Government Prefecture Government County Government Township Government Framework of Chinese Government

25. Brief History of Administrative System Reform 1. In 1982, the first reform 2. In 1988, the second reform 3. In 1993, the third reform 4. In 1998, the fourth reform 5. In 2003, the fifth reform 6. In 2008, the sixth reform 7. In 2013, the seventh reform

26. Review about the history 1. Two phases: before and after 1993 2. Reducing—expansion—re-reducing—re-expansion Combination—separation—re-combination—re-separation Centralization—decentralization –re-centralization—re-decentralization 3. From cutting personnel and departments simply to transforming government functions 4. From all-round government to limited government

27. Objectives of Current Reform 1. Law-based government 2. Service-oriented government 3. Accountable government 4. Clean and efficient government 5. Good governance

28. 3. Main Experiences? 1. Giving the priority to the economic development and improving the people’s life. 2. Paying attention to education and taking both science and technology as the most important productivity. 3. Gradual reform and opening to the outside. 4. Careful planning and experiment. Crossing rivers by feeling stones, five-years’ plan 5. Learning from developed countries. Advanced science and technology, market economy, modernization of government 6. Making efforts to realize modernization with Chinese characteristics. 7. Dealing with the relationship among reform, developing and stability properly.

29. Questions and Answers areWelcome!