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Rural Migration in China: Scenario, Challenge and Public Policy

Rural Migration in China: Scenario, Challenge and Public Policy. Li Shi Beijing Normal University. Scenario (1). 1. How many rural migrants: (1) Number of rural out-migrant workers : 1978: 2 million 1989: 30 million 1993: 62 million 2001: 78 million 2002: 94 million

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Rural Migration in China: Scenario, Challenge and Public Policy

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  1. Rural Migration in China: Scenario, Challenge and Public Policy Li Shi Beijing Normal University

  2. Scenario (1) • 1. How many rural migrants: • (1) Number of rural out-migrant workers : • 1978: 2 million • 1989: 30 million • 1993: 62 million • 2001: 78 million • 2002: 94 million • 2003: 110 million • 2004: 120 million • 2006: 130-150 million

  3. Scenario (2) • (2) Number of rural out-migrants • Migrant laborers account for 85% of all the rural migrants, so there are about 150-170 million of rural out-migrants in 2006.

  4. Scenario (3) • 2. Where rural migrants come from: • (2.1) Regional distribution: Figure 1. • (2.2) Provincial distribution: Table 1. • 3. Where rural migrants stay • (3.1) Regional distribution: Figure 2. • (3.2) Provincial distribution: Figure 3. • (3.3) Industrial distribution: Figure 4

  5. Figure1

  6. Table 1 Provincial distribution of rural migrant workers by destination place, 2004 • > 10 million: Sichuan, Henan • > 5 million: Anhui, Jiangsu, Shandong, • Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, • Guangxi

  7. Figure 2

  8. Figure 3

  9. Figure 4

  10. Scenario (4) • 4. Who rural migrants are • (4.1) Age composition: Figure 5 • (4.2) Gender: Male: 66%, Female: 34% • (4.3) Education: Figure 6.

  11. Figure 5

  12. Figure 6

  13. Scenario (5) • 5. How rural migrants come out • 57%: having personal connections: relatives, friends, village neighbors; • 14% : through labor market; • 12%: organized by local governments; • 17%: found job on their own.

  14. Problem and challenge (1) • 1. Income insecurity(2004) • (1.1) Ave. income of migrant workers: 780 yuan being 58% of average wage of urban workers • (1.2) Income distribution: • 7.6% of migrants <300 yuan per month • 17.8% between 300 and 500 yuan • 37% between 500 and 800 yuan • 16.4% between 800 and 1000 yuan • 21.2% over 1000 yuan • (1.3) Payment delay: 6% of migrant workers in 2004

  15. Problem and challenge (2) • 2. Working condition • (2.1) Working time: days per week Figure 7 • hours per day Figure 8 • (2.2) Job insecurity: 79% of migrant workers did not signed labor contracts with employers in 2004 • 3. Housing condition • (3.1) Living area: Figure 9 • (3.2) Housing facility: Figure 10

  16. Figure 7

  17. Figure 8

  18. Figure 9

  19. Figure 10

  20. Problem and challenge (3) • 4. Social security (2002): • (4.1) Pension: 5% of rural migrant workers • (4.2) Unemployment insurance: <2% • (4.3) Medical insurance: =3% • (4.4) Public housing: <10%

  21. Problem and challenge (4) • 5. Children’s education: • (5.1) There are about 7-8 million of migrant children at school age (7-14 years old). • (5.2) There is 87% of migrant children aged under 7 not in kindergarten. • (5.3) There is about 16% of migrant children at school age not in school. • (5.4) There is 67% of migrant children paying higher school fees.

  22. Public Policy (1) • 1. Changes in policy for rural migration • (1.1) Strict restriction on rural migration before during 1980s: blind floating (mang liu). • (1.2) Encouraging rural people moving to small town and development of TVEs during 1990s: Leaving land but not village (li tu bu li xiang). • (1.3) Loosing restrictions on rural migration at the beginning of the new century. • (1.4) Providing some services to rural migrants since 2005.

  23. Public Policy (2) • 2. New policies implemented recently: • (2.1) Experiments of hukou reform in some cities, • Chongqing (2003), Shijiazhuang (2001), • Zhengzhou (2003), Jiangsu (2002). • (2.2) Abolishing fees charged particularly for rural migrants: such as Temporary Living Fee (zan zhu fei), Migrant Management Fee (liu dong ren kou guan li fei), City-entry Fee (cheng shi zeng rong fee), Service Fee for Immigrant Workers (wai lai wu gong ren yuan wu fu fei)

  24. Public Policy (3) • (2.3) Guaranteeing wage payment in time • (2.4) Social security for rural migrants • Pension, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance. • (2.5) Training program for rural migrant workers • “Sunshine Project”; 2.5 million in 2004

  25. Public Policy (4) • (2.5) Providing social services for rural migrants • Providing free-charge job services; • Removing school-entry fees for migrant children and allowing them to get in public schools in cities; • Establishing law assistance agents for rural migrants in some cities.

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