Exploration and Colonization of North America: Key Events and Settlements

2. 8.H.2 North America, originally inhabited by American Indians, was explored and colonized by Europeans for economic and religious reasons. Chapter 3 Vocabulary Charters– a document that gives the holder the right to organize settlements in an area. Joint-stock company– a company in which investors buy stock in the company in return for a share of its future profits. Dissented – Disagreement with or opposition to an opinion Persecuted – To treat someone harshly because of that person’s beliefs or practices Mayflower Compact– a formal document, written in 1620, that provided law and order to the Plymouth Colony Proprietary Colony– colony run by individuals or groups to whom land was granted Indentured Servants– laborer who agreed to work without pay for a certain period of time in exchange for passage to America. Constitution – a formal plan of government Debtors – person or country that owes money Tenant Farmers– farmers who work land owned by another and pays rent either in cash or crops

3. 1620 - Plymouth 1626 – New York 1670 – South Carolina 1638 - Delaware 1585 – Roanoke 1733 - Georgia 1660 – New Jersey 1660 1600 1720 1607 – Jamestown/Virginia 1653 – North Carolina 1682 - Pennsylvania 1636 – Connecticut and Rhode Island 1634 - Maryland 1630 – Massachusetts and New Hampshire

4. Reasons for Colonizing • Religion • Land (expanding empires) • Money (from natural resources)

5. First Colonies • Roanoke (1585) • Jamestown (1607) • Plymouth (1620)

6. Roanoke Island • First established in 1585 by Sir Walter Raleigh (Great Britain) • Part of what is now North Carolina • A mapmaker was sent back to England for supplies and to recruit more people • When he returned 3 years later, he found the colony deserted. • The lost colonists were never seen again.

7. Jamestown • Founded in 1607 by British merchants called the Virginia Company of London • It is located on the Chesapeake Bay. Jamestown and the James River were named for Britain’s King James • Location Pros: Swamps made defense from attack easy. • Location Cons: Swamps caused malaria. They were surrounded by Native Americans. Bad farmland. • Most Jamestown settlers died of disease and hunger. • The discovery of tobacco saved the colony and eventually it began to prosper. • When John Smith married Pocahontas, relations between settlers and natives improved. • Indentured servitude began here, and eventually evolved into slavery. • 1620’s: Virginia Company of London goes broke and natives attacked Jamestown. • King James takes over the colony, making Virginia the first royal colony in America.

8. Other European Settlements 8.H.3 Competition for control of territories and resources in North America led to conflicts among colonizing powers.

9. The French • Founded Quebec (in Canada) in 1608 • At first had little interest in large-scale settlement in North America • Mainly concerned with fishing and fur trapping • French fur companies built forts to protect their profitable trade

10. New France • In 1663, New France became a royal colony • King Louis XIV limited the privileges of the fur companies • He appointed Jean Talon as royal governor • Jean Talon strongly supported new explorations

11. Map of New France

12. The Mississippi River • In 1670, two French men-a fur trader, Louis Joliet, and a priest, Jacques Marquette-explored the Mississippi River by canoe • They wanted to find precious metals and a route to the Pacific Ocean • When they realized the river flowed south, they turned around and headed back up river

13. The Louisiana Territory • Years later Robert Cavelier Sieur de La Salle traveled down river all the way to the Gulf of Mexico • He named the territory Louisiana, after King Louis XIV • In 1718 he founded New Orleans at the mouth of the Mississippi River

14. The Journey of Robert Caveleir Sieur de La Salle

15. The Louisiana Territory • This illustration depicts the Louisiana territory. Please note that most of the states outline did not exist during this time. It is just to show you how big Louisiana once was.

16. How was New France different from the other colonies? • New France settled more slowly • The French had better relations with the Native Americans • They respected the natives’ ways, learned their languages and lived among them • The French did not try to change the Native American customs • The French colony grew so slowly that natives were not pushed off of their land

17. New Spain • During French, Dutch and British colonization in the 1600’s, Spain controlled most of Mexico, the Caribbean, Central and South America and what is now the southwest United States

18. The Southwest and the Pacific Coast • Spain wanted to keep other European powers from threatening its empire in America • They sent soldiers, missionaries and settlers into the north • Several military posts were established between French and Spanish territories in order to protect Spanish land holdings

19. Other U.S. Places Settled by Spain • Santa Fe (New Mexico) • Arizona • Texas • Florida

20. Missions in California • Spanish priests traveled through California to spread Catholicism, as well as settle California • They built missions along the Pacific Coast • Many Native Americans converted to Christianity at the missions • Native Americans were also forced to serve as laborers in fields and workshops

21. Junipero Serra • A Franciscan monk named Junipero Serra founded a mission at San Diego • He then founded 8 more missions along a route called El Camino Real (The King’s Highway) • Missions were within a day’s walk from one another • These missions turned into large cities, such as Los Angeles and Monterey

22. California Missions

23. European Rivalries • Rivalries between European nations carried over into the Americas • Britain and Spain fought several wars in the early 1700’s • Fighting often broke out between British colonists and Georgia and Spanish colonists in Florida • France and Britain were the great rivals of the colonial period • Both nations were expanding their territory in North America • This led to several wars during the late 1700’s and early 1800’s

24. Great Britain • At the time, it’s official name was The United Kingdom of Great Britain. It consisted of England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland.

25. British Invasion • Among the most important colonizers of the Americas • First settlements existed to expand the British Empire. • The Queen of England wanted to expand the British Empire in order to become a world superpower, like their rival Spain • While Sir Walter Raleigh led the first expedition, The Virginia Company was the first group to reach the Americas and create a successful settlement (Jamestown, Virginia) • In addition to expansion and wealth, others left Britain for religious freedom. They called themselves Pilgrims.

26. The Dutch • The Dutch come from a place called Holland, which is in the Netherlands.

27. Dutch Expansionism • The Dutch explored the Americas for trade • The Dutch company that first explored the Americas was called the Dutch West India Company • Their trade posts along the Hudson River grew into a colony known as New Netherland. • The main settlement of New Netherland was New Amsterdam, which was the original name for what we now call Manhattan Island in New York City.

28. The New England Colonies

29. Massachusetts • Settled by British Puritans who left England for religious freedom • Established in Boston, near the Pilgrim colony of Plymouth • Run by a group of elected officials (men who owned land and went to church could vote) • Puritans were intolerant to other religious beliefs beyond their own

30. Connecticut • Settled because its land was better for farming • People also went there to escape strict Puritan way of life • Its government, the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, was the first written constitution in America.

31. Rhode Island • Settled by Roger Williams who was forced out of Massachusetts • Roger Williams believed people should be free to practice any religious practices • Williams also believed that it was wrong to take land away from Native Americans. • After being exiled from Massachusetts, Williams bought land from the Wampanoag people . • He settled the land and colonized what is now Providence, RI. • Rhode Island was the first place in America where people of ALL faiths could practice freely.

32. New Hampshire • Was a originally part of Massachusetts • Settled in 1638, by more colonists tired of Massachusetts’ strict religious policies • Some Puritans moved here as well • New Hampshire became fully independent of Massachusetts in 1679

33. Impact on the Native Americans • Some Native American tribes lived peacefully with colonists, trading and helping colonists survive • Other tribes fiercely fought back for control of their land • The Native American population dropped from 100,000 to 10,000 due to European diseases such as chicken pox, small pox and measles.

34. The Middle Colonies

35. New York • Settled by the Dutch West India Trading Company • Created the Colony of New Netherland along the Hudson River • The city of New Amsterdam is now called New York City • The Dutch sent European families over to settle more land • In 1664 the British attacked the colony for its riches • The Dutch surrendered and Britain’s King Charles II gave the colony to his brother, the Duke of York • The Duke renamed the colony New York

36. New Jersey • The Duke of York gave part of his colony to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret • Sir George named the colony New Jersey after the island of Jersey in the English Channel • The men tried to profit off of the land and offered religious freedom, a representative government and trial by jury • They did not make enough money, though, and the King took over New Jersey as a royal colony.

37. Pennsylvania • William Penn, a wealthy Englishman, was granted land by King Charles in repayment of a debt the king owed his father. • He named his colony Pennsylvania. • Penn was a member of the Quakers, who believed that everyone was equal in God’s sight. • Quakers were pacifists, and refused to fight wars. • Penn saw Pennsylvania as a holy experiment, and helped build the city Philadelphia, the city of “brotherly love.” • Penn believed that the settlers should pay for the land that they took from the natives, which made many Native American tribes respect Penn and settle in Pennsylvania.

38. Delaware • The southernmost part of Pennsylvania was called the Lower Three Counties. • It was settled first by the Dutch, and then taken over by the English. • It later became a part of Pennsylvania • In 1703 the Lower Three Counties were granted permission to elect their own legislature. • It was then re-named Delaware, and became its own colony.

39. The Southern Colonies

40. Maryland • Founded by Sir George Calvert, Lord Baltimore • Lord Baltimore wanted to find a safe place for Catholics, who were persecuted in England • Maryland was named after the English Queen, Henrietta Maria • Lord Baltimore’s sons created the colony based on farming tobacco • Free land was offered to families in order to attract workers • The Calverts had a border dispute with William Penn over the Maryland-Pennsylvania border • Eventually Protestants outnumbered Catholics, causing some religious tension in the colony

41. The Carolinas • Carolina means “Charles Land” after King Charles II • Land was divided and sold in order to attract settlers • John Locke wrote a constitution for the land, however Carolina did not develop according to planned • Tension grew between northern farmers and the more prosperous southern planters • It eventually split into North and South Carolina

42. North Carolina • Mostly a farming colony • Grew tobacco • Had no good harbor and relied on Virginia’s ports and merchants to conduct trade

43. South Carolina • Settled mainly by English settlers from Barbados and the West Indies • These settlers brought their slaves with them • Had better farmland and ports, thus making it wealthier than North Carolina • Its leading crops were rice and indigo • Crops were so successful that they farmers needed more slaves • By 1700 over half of South Carolina’s population was slaves

44. Georgia • The last established British colony • Founded by James Oglethorpe • It was created as a place where English debtors and poor people could make a fresh start • It was also created because its location allowed Georgia to protect the rest of the colonies from Spanish (Florida) attack • Oglethorpe banned drinking and slavery in Georgia • Few debtors actually moved to Georgia, and more European settlers came, making Georgia the most diverse colony • The colony did not grow quickly, so Oglethorpe lifted the bans on slavery and alcohol • Eventually Oglethorpe gave the colony back to the king of England

45. Wall Street • A Dutch Name • Fact: Wall Street was founded by the Dutch. Its original name was "de Waal Straat.” It got this name from an earthen wall on the northern boundary of the New Amsterdam settlement, perhaps to protect against English colonial encroachment or incursions by native Americans.

46. Patroons • The Dutch wanted to increase the number of people in its settlements • The Dutch West Indies Company encouraged families from the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland and Finland to come to North America • They offered a large estate to any family who could bring at least 50 settlers to work the land • These wealthy land owners were called patroons, and they ruled like kings. • They could charge whatever rents they wanted to the laborers and farmers on their estates