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Prof. Chan King Ming Associate Professor Dept. of Biochemistry and Environmental Science Program

Prof. Chan King Ming Associate Professor Dept. of Biochemistry and Environmental Science Program Chinese University email: kingchan@cuhk.edu.hk. 全球暖化的危機 Global Warming: Its challenges and solutions. CONTENTS 內容 : Carbon Cycle and Greenhouse Effect 碳循環及温室效應

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Prof. Chan King Ming Associate Professor Dept. of Biochemistry and Environmental Science Program

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  1. Prof. Chan King Ming Associate Professor Dept. of Biochemistry and Environmental Science Program Chinese University email: kingchan@cuhk.edu.hk 全球暖化的危機 Global Warming: Its challenges and solutions. KMCHAN

  2. CONTENTS 內容: • Carbon Cycle and Greenhouse Effect 碳循環及温室效應 • The Impacts of Global Warming全球暖化的影响 • 3. Kyoto Protocol 京都協定 • 4. Act now ! 立即行動! An Inconvenient Truth http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0XMn_Ry3z6M KMCHAN

  3. http://www.ucar.edu/learn/1_3_1.htm Q1 What factors have contributed to surface temperatures of planets? • Carbon Cycle & Green House Effects 碳循環及温室效應 KMCHAN

  4. Carbon Cycle and Greenhouse Effect • 碳循環及温室效應 Atmospheric CO2 大氣中的二氧化碳 • Sources 排 放 來 源 : • Burning of fossil fuels and organic matters • 燃燒化石燃料和有機物質 • Respiration • 呼吸作用 • Sinks (Carbon Fixation)碳 固 定 : • Photosynthesis • 光合作用 • Uptake by ocean • 海洋吸收 Other forms of carbon deposits, e.g. coral, cellulose. 碳存在於珊瑚及纤維中 KMCHAN

  5. Major sources of greenhouse gases: burning of fossil fuels, e.g. vehicle and power plant emissions. 温室氣體主要來自燃烷化石燃料: 汽車及發電廠排放。 KMCHAN

  6. Green House Gases 温室氣體 Reference: http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/default.aspx?id=516&terms=carbon+emission+and+coal Downloaded on Nov 24, 2009. KMCHAN

  7. Annual CO2 Emission 2006 Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions Downloaded on Nov 26, 2009, according to International Energy data. KMCHAN

  8. 4 ℃ – 8 ℃ surge in this century Increased 0.6 C in 20thcentury 二十世紀增温 0.6 度 KMCHAN

  9. 2. The Impacts of global Warming 全球暖化的影响 Arctic perennial sea ice has been diminishing at a rate of 9% per decade. The ice of frozen freshwater on Greenland melts to dilute and lower the salinity of the arctic ocean. This would have significant effects (slower or stop) on the ocean conveyor. 北極Arctic 1979 Ice from land could raise sea level Reduced ice from ocean changes currents 北極 Arctic2003 KMCHAN

  10. How would the climate change if the Gulf Stream shut down? A shut down of the Gulf Stream would suddenly decrease the amount of heat in the North Atlantic, leading to much colder temperatures in Europe and North America. KMCHAN

  11. The Impacts of global Warming • Reduction of Biodiversity 生物物種多樣性減少 • 失 去 生 境 Losing Habitats due to temperature rises • 山 區 缺 水 Reduction of freshwater supply trapped in mountains • More Diseases 疾病增加 • Endemic diseases increasing health risks • Extreme Weathers 極端氣候 more storms, floods, droughts… 暴風、洪水、乾旱 Unpredictable climate change 氣候改變難測 • Buffering power of planet earth is lowered, leading to unforeseeable climate change • leading to fluctuating economy, e.g. Hurricanes in Mexico Bay are threatening oil prices to surge, drought lead to depletion of resources supply, etc……… KMCHAN

  12. 全球暖化會議摘要Abstract from the 17th Global Warming Conference, April, 2006. 2. The Impacts of global Warming KMCHAN .. today‘s atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are the highest in 650,000 years. 今天大氣中二氧化碳水平為六十五萬年內最高 Antarctic climate and concentrations of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) were tightly coupled. 南極氣候改變和温室氣體相關 … CO2 seemed to be confined between bounds of about 180 ppmv (parts per million by volume) in glacial periods and 280 ppmv in inter-glacials; …… Today is 380 ppmy and is rising…. 今天大氣中二氧化碳水平為 380 ppmv 而且正在上升

  13. 3. Kyoto Protocol京都協定 KMCHAN Took effect in February, 2005.Obligates countries to observe target figures for green house gas reduction.05 年生效， 各國宜制定減排目標。 Advanced nations should reduce emissions of 6 gases by an average of 6-8% (relative to 1990 levels) over the five year period from 2008 to 2012.先進國應排少90 年水平的8% Kyoto Mechanisms : Scheme for Trading Green House Gas Emissions Rights and encourage international co-operations to achieve carbon neutral 京都機制: 排放貿易及鼓勵國際合作達致碳中和。 3. Kyoto Protocol

  14. 3. Kyoto Protocol KMCHAN

  15. Kyoto Mechanisms 京 都 機 制 : • Joint Implementation (JI): international cooperation 合同協作 • Clean Development Mechanism (CDM): new technology to cut emissions 清潔發展機制 • Emission Trading (ET): set ceiling to trade 排放貿易 KMCHAN 3. Kyoto Protocol

  16. Carbon Market for Carbon dioxide emission trading Carbon Tax ! 碳稅 ! 3. Kyoto Protocol

  17. http://en.cop15.dk/ Hopenhagen? • In the US, the American Clean Energy & Security Act (July 7, 2009; 219>212 in House of Commons) would charge carbon tax for all imports to US in 2010. Beginning in 2012, emissions would be capped at 3 % below 2005 levels increasing to 17 % below 2005 levels in 2020 and 83 % below 2005 levels in2050. • In EU, the target is 20 or even 30 % reduction in 2020 of 1990 level !! Renewable energy targets at 20% share in 2020. • In France, carbon tax of 14 euro per kg carbon dioxide to be charged in 1/1/2010. • Low carbon business had expanded 75% in 2008 during the economic tsunami. KMCHAN

  18. 4.ACT NOW! 立刻行動 HK Hong Kong is hotter than global trend in recent years (since 90’s)! 香港增温比全球多! 為什麼? Why?? global Leung et al., 2004. Climate Change in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Observatory Technical Note No.107. HKSAR Government. 41 p. KMCHAN

  19. http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/tc_chi/climate_change/files/GHG_Emission_Trend_1990_2007.pdfhttp://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/tc_chi/climate_change/files/GHG_Emission_Trend_1990_2007.pdf 60% GHG Emission is from Power Stations KMCHAN

  20. PLEASE HELP ! 請幫手 !! • REDUCE CITY HEAT 減 少 城 市 發 熱 : Use public transports, build less road and urban area, etc, to reduce heat island effect. • LOW CARBON LIVING 低 碳 生 活 : Live a low-carbon life and practice carbon neutral. Set targets for emission reduction to cut energy consumption (e.g. Stop using tungsten light bulb, etc). Start your carbon audit NOW. • PLANT MORE TREES 多 種 樹 : Conserve rural area and Plant more trees. KMCHAN

  21. Reduction 節能減排: Substitutions 取 代 能 源 : Wedge Strategies: • Nuclear energy • Renewables (e.g. solar, wind, hydrogen) • Biostorage (e.g. forest and soil storage) • Efficiency (reduced miles traveled, increased building and electricity efficiency) • Conservation (reduced transport with mass transit systems) • Fossil-Fuel-Based fuel switching(natural gas), biogas, and carbon capture KMCHAN

  22. The Wedge Game http://www.ctenergyeducation.com/images/Wedges_Concept_Game_Materials_July05.pdf KMCHAN

  23. Summary 撮要 KMCHAN Carbon dioxide emission exceeds the normal range and is rising, together with global temperature 異常高的碳排放與全球增温同時出現。 The impacts are visible and the situation is getting worse 其影响明顯且正在惡化。 We are causing global warming and we have to act on saving our planet earth! 我們在形成暖化並須以行動拯救地球。 Fossil fuels are NOT unlimited, we need a sustainable energy policy: carbon tax, carbon trading, nuclear energy, and renewable energy.化石燃料非無窮盡， 須發展可持續性的能源政策 : 碳稅、 排放貿易、 核能和可再生能源。

  24. Discussions 討 論 : KMCHAN What’s Carbon neutral 何謂碳中和? What can we do to achieve Carbon neutral or carbon compensation 如何達致碳補償? Practicing wedge strategies (auditing) and low carbon living in your school/firm/organization/ at home! ?如何實踐碳審訂? Is carbon tax better than carbon trading? 碳稅還是碳交易較佳?

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