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Packet 13: Classification

Packet 13: Classification. Notes: Bacteria Pg. 7-9 in your packet Chapter 19 in your textbook. Prokaryotes. Pro= NO! No nucleus No membrane bound organelles Mostly unicellular.

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Packet 13: Classification

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  1. Packet 13: Classification Notes: Bacteria Pg. 7-9 in your packet Chapter 19 in your textbook

  2. Prokaryotes • Pro= NO! • No nucleus • No membrane bound organelles • Mostly unicellular

  3. Bacteria used to be classified into one kingdom called Kingdom Monera. Since bacteria are such diverse organisms, scientists divided that kingdom into 2 kingdoms we know today as: • Kingdom Eubacteriaand Kingdom Archaebacteria

  4. Use the chart on pg.3 to fill in this table!!

  5. Use the chart on pg.3 to fill in this table!!

  6. Common Bacteria Structure Cell wall DNA (plasmids) Pili Flagella

  7. So how do we identify prokaryotes? Prokaryotes are identified based on the following characteristics:

  8. 1. Shape (Draw and describe each shape on your notes) • Bacilli: rod shaped • Cocci: spherical • Spirilla: spiral, corkscrew

  9. 2. Cell Wall • They are composed of either a complex carbohydrate called peptidoglycan or composed of various carbohydrates with a lipid layer.

  10. 3. Movement • While some bacteria do not move, others are able to move with the help of flagella.

  11. 4. How energy is obtained • Autotrophs: organisms that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food (organic compounds) from inorganic compounds. • Photosynthesis: Use energy from the sun to produce organic compounds. (Plants) • Chemosynthesis: Use chemical energy to produce organic compounds (Bacteria)

  12. Heterotrophs: organisms that obtain energy from the food it consumes.

  13. Growth and Reproduction: • BinaryFission: a type of asexual reproduction in which bacteria replicate their DNA and divide in half to make two identical cells. • Very similar to the cell cycle in mitosis but less complex because they do not have a nucleus.

  14. Conjugation • Some bacteria are able to exchange genetic information • A hollow bridge forms between two bacteria and genes move from one cell to the other • Increases genetic diversity of a population

  15. Spores • Spores are formed when the bacteria produces a thick internal wall that encloses the DNA and part of the cytoplasm • Why do you think this would be beneficial for bacteria?

  16. Spore Formation • Occurs when conditions are unfavorable for growth • Can remain dormant for years until conditions improve

  17. Importance of Bacteria: • They act as decomposers. • This helps the ecosystem recycle nutrients which help maintain equilibrium. • Can be used for help with sewage treatment and purifying drinking water supplies.

  18. Importance of Bacteria • NitrogenFixation • Nitrogen is needed for aminoacids which build proteins. • Certain types of bacteria can convert nitrogen gas (which is the most abundant form of nitrogen) into a form that can be readily used by plants.

  19. Human Uses • Helps when producing many types of food and beverages

  20. Human Uses • Can help clean up oil spills

  21. Human Uses • Aids in digestion of our food • There are millions of bacteria living within our intestines to help break down food

  22. Human Uses • Genetic Engineering • Trangenic bacteria that can make insulin (think back to Packet 11: DNA Technology )

  23. Diseases Caused by Bacteria and Viruses: • Pathogen: disease causing agents

  24. Bacterial Disease in Humans • While many bacteria play a vital role in the success of our body systems, sometimes they can pose a health hazard. • Bacteria can use our cells for food. • Examples: tuberculosis bacteria destroy lung tissue. • Bacteria release toxins. • Example: Streptococcus is the bacteria that cause strep throat in humans. It releases toxins into our bloodstream.

  25. Preventing Bacterial Disease: • Vaccine: a preparation of a weakened or killed pathogen. • People are given vaccines to introduce the pathogen to the immune system. The immune system then produces antibodies that will attack that pathogen if it is ever seen again. This is an example of active immunity.

  26. Preventing Bacterial Disease • Vaccine Examples: flu shot, HPV, lyme disease, measles, small pox, pertussis, rabies, tetanus, tuberculosis, hepatitis, cervical cancer • Vaccines are important to aid in prevention of infection. In 1968, roughly 700,000 people worldwide died from an influenza outbreak.

  27. So how come you can still get the flu even after a flu shot? • Bacteria and viruses have very high reproductive rates, which result in many mutations. • Thus, bacteria and viruses evolve quickly, often requiring a different vaccine every year. http://www.biojobblog.com/vaccination%5B1%5D.JPG http://www.biojobblog.com/vaccination(5).jpg

  28. Antibiotics • Antibiotic: a compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria • Used to treat bacterial infections • Has increased human life expectancy

  29. Controlling Bacteria: • While many bacteria can pose problems, scientists have developed many ways to prevent the spreading of harmful bacteria. • 1. Many bacteria cannot survive high temperatures for a long time so we can use high amounts of heat to kill them. This process is known as sterilization.

  30. Controlling Bacteria • 2. Using common disinfectants. Many household products such as soap, cleansers and hand sanitizer contain chemical solutions that kill pathogenic bacteria. (antibacterial components)

  31. a. There is a concern about overuse of these products due to bacteria becoming resistant to them which makes them much more dangerous and difficult to kill. • b. With overuse of antibacterial products, scientists fear that bacteria will evolve to be resistant to these products.

  32. Controlling Bacteria • C. Due to naturalselection (think back to the Evolution Packet ), some bacteria are naturally resistant to certain types of antibacterial cleansers. Those bacteria can then survive and continue to reproduce additional resistant bacteria. • Example: The bacteria that causes tuberculosis was one able to be treated by common antibiotics but has evolved to be resistant to it.

  33. Natural Selection in Bacteria

  34. Virus Notes (refer to Kingdom and Virus WebQuest)

  35. Viral Disease in Humans • Viruses produce disease by disrupting equilibrium. The two ways that viruses can affect us are by attacking and destroying our cells or changing patterns of growth and development in our cells. While viruses can be prevented by vaccinations, they cannot be treated by antibiotics or any other method. • Typically a virus’s symptoms can be treated but there is no cure or treatment for the virus itself.

  36. Common Viral Diseases: • Common cold • Influenza • Small pox • Warts • AIDS • Chickenpox • Measles • Hepatitis A, B, C • West Nile • Polio

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