Life After the Tevatron : The Intensity Frontier at Fermilab

1. Life After the Tevatron: The Intensity Frontier at Fermilab Eric Prebys Accelerator Physics Center Fermilab First circulating beam in LHC, Sept. 10, 2008

2. Outline • Background and Status • Intensity Frontier • Project X • Intermediate Program Eric Prebys, HEP 09, Krakow, Poland

3. Acknowledgements • This talk represents a broad cross-section of the Fermilab program, including many things I’m not directly involved in. • In particular, detailed Project X content is mostly taken from a recent “Extreme Beams” presentation by Steve Holmes, representing the Project X R&D group. Eric Prebys, HEP 09, Krakow, Poland

4. Background • For over 20 years, the Fermilab Tevatron has been the highest energy collider in the world, and it has been the centerpiece of the lab’s physics program. • This will change very soon, when the LHC begins to accelerate and collide beams. • The current Tevatron experimental program will run until mid-2010 (likely mid-2011), after which it will be superceded by the LHC physics program. • If Fermilab intends to keep an accelerator based program, it must identify exciting physics that can be done at energies well below the energy frontier. Eric Prebys, HEP 09, Krakow, Poland

5. The Fermilab Accelerator Complex • Present Operation • 11 Booster “batches”loaded into Main Injectorand accelerated to 120 GeVevery 2.2 sec • 2 for pBar production • 9 for NuMi • pBars phase-rotated, cooled and collected in Accumulator/Debuncher • Every few 1011, transferred to Recycler • After ~1 day, enough pBars to load into the Tevatron, accelerate, and collide for ~1 day, while the process repeats • While the Main Injector is ramping, 8 GeV protons sent to MiniBooNE experiment Eric Prebys, HEP 09, Krakow, Poland

6. Tevatron Performance Main Injector Operation Recycler Operation Eric Prebys, HEP 09, Krakow, Poland

7. Neutrino beam lines • NuMI/MINOS • ~8x1020 protons • MiniBooNE • 11.7x1020 protons NuMI/MINOS MiniBooNE Total: ~4 times previous 30 years Eric Prebys, HEP 09, Krakow, Poland

8. What Next? Excerpts from P5 major findings* • An opportunity exists for the U.S. to become a world leader at the Intensity Frontier • Central is an intense neutrino beam and large underground long-based line detector • Building on infrastructure at Fermilab and partnering with NSF • Develops infrastructure that positions the U.S. to regain Energy Frontier (Muon Collider) • HEP at its core is an accelerator based experimental science • Accelerator R&D develops technologies needed by the field and that benefit the nation *as reported by Dennis Kovar at the Fermilab Users’ Meeting, June 2008 Eric Prebys, HEP 09, Krakow, Poland

9. What is “The Intensity Frontier”? • Neutrino Physics • NOvA – intense NuMI beam to an off-axis detector near the Canadian border • DUSEL – an even more intense beam pointed at the Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory, to be built at the Homestake Mine, SD • Precision measurements • Muon to electron • Anomalous muon magnetic moment (g-2). • Precision kaon physics • Advanced R&D • Muon based neutrino factory • Muon collider • Accelerator-driven sub-critical nuclear reactors Eric Prebys, HEP 09, Krakow, Poland

10. Current limits to proton intensity • Total proton rate from Proton Source (Linac+Booster): • Booster batch size • ~4-5E12 protons/batch, depending on beam quality required. • Booster repetition rate • 15 Hz instantaneous • Currently ~9Hz, limited by RF system. • Beam loss • Damage and/or activation of Booster components • Above ground radiation • Total protons accelerated in Main Injector: • Maximum main injector load • Six “slots” for booster batches (3E13) • Up to ~11 with slip stacking (4.5-5.5E13) • Beam stability (RF issues) • Beam loss concerns • Cycle time: • 1.4s + loading time (1/15s per booster batch) ~original hardware Eric Prebys, HEP 09, Krakow, Poland

11. Getting to highest intensity: Project X • Maximizing the intensity of the Main Injector will require replacing Fermilab’s aging proton source. • In 2007 the Long Range Steering committee endorsed a design based on a linac incorporating ILC RF technology • Temporarily named “Project X” ~3 times original Project X concept Eric Prebys, HEP 09, Krakow, Poland

12. Review: Main Injector/Recycler • Injection into the Recycler will allow H- beam to be stripped for both high energy and 8 GeV users • Will also allow some amount of 8 GeV beam conditioning Eric Prebys, HEP 09, Krakow, Poland

13. Initial Configuration Document (ICD) Technology Map Eric Prebys, HEP 09, Krakow, Poland

14. Initial ConfigurationPerformance Goals Linac Particle Type H- Beam Kinetic Energy 8.0 GeV Particles per pulse 1.61014 Linac pulse rate 2.5 Hz Beam Power 500 kW Recycler Particle Type protons Beam Kinetic Energy 8.0 GeV Cycle time 1.4 sec Particles per cycle to MI 1.61014 Particles per cycle to 8 GeV program 1.61014 Beam Power to 8 GeV program 360 kW Main Injector Beam Kinetic Energy (maximum) 120 GeV Cycle time 1.4 sec Particles per cycle 1.71014 Beam Power at 120 GeV 2100 kW Eric Prebys, HEP 09, Krakow, Poland

15. Initial Configuration Operating Scenarios • Operating scenarios for 120 GeV (2.1 MW) • 194 kW at 8 GeV to mu2e experiment in parallel Eric Prebys, HEP 09, Krakow, Poland

16. Alternative Configuration Eric Prebys, HEP 09, Krakow, Poland

17. Fermilab in 2020? Lowenergyprogram(350-2000kW) TevatronFT 8GeVneutrinos NuMI (NOvA) 8 GeV SC Linac(/Synchrotron?) DUSEL (2 MW) Recycler MainInjector Young-Kee Kim Fermilab Strategic Plan Slide 17 Eric Prebys, HEP 09, Krakow, Poland

18. But 2020 is a long way off • We consider it vital to maintain a relevant, accelerator-based program at Fermilab in the years while Project X is being designed and constructed. • Current post-collider plan • Utilize Recycler as a “pre-stacker” to eliminate Main Injector loading time and increase protons to NOvA • Re-task Accumulator/Debuncher as a proton storage/conditioning facility to support 8 GeV program • Mu2e experiment • g-2 experiment (perhaps) • Neutrino factory/muon collider R&D • ??? Eric Prebys, HEP 09, Krakow, Poland

19. NOnA time line improvements 300 kW 700 kW Eric Prebys, HEP 09, Krakow, Poland

20. Extra protons: NOvA era MI uses 12 of 20 available Booster Batches per 1.33 second cycle Roughly 8*(4x1012 batch)/(1.33 s)*(2x107 s/year)=4.8x1020 protons/year availableat no cost to the NOvA program Preloading for NOvA Recycler Recycler  MI transfer Available for 8 GeV program 15 Hz Booster cycles MI NuMI cycle (20/15 s) Eric Prebys, HEP 09, Krakow, Poland

21. 8 GeV protons: “Boomerang” Scheme • Deliver beam to Accumulator/Debuncher enclosure with minimal beam line modifications and civil construction. MI-8 -> Recycler done for NOvA Recycler(Main Injector Tunnel) New switch magnet extraction to P150 (no need for kicker) Eric Prebys, HEP 09, Krakow, Poland

22. Timeline in NOvA/Mu2e era (baseline Mu2e scheme) Eric Prebys, HEP 09, Krakow, Poland

23. Fermilab in context Project X (8 GeV) Project X (120 GeV) Eric Prebys, HEP 09, Krakow, Poland

24. Status • Tevatron • Approved to run through FY10, probably run through FY11 • Project X • CD0 (mission need): 2009 • CD2/3a (baseline, long lead purchases): 2012 • Construction: 2013-2017 • NOvA • CD-3b expected later this month • DUSEL • High marks by P5. Proceeding with conceptual design • Mu2e • Very high marks by P5 (pursue under all funding scenarios) • Preliminary approval in Fall 08. Working toward CD-0 in 2009 • CD2/3a: 2012 • Construction : 2012-2016 (??) • g-2 • Collaboration forming. Trying to get the cost down. • Muon collider/Neutrino factory • Gaining lots of momentum • Trying to get better organized. Eric Prebys, HEP 09, Krakow, Poland

25. P5 (optimistic) Roadmap near term future neutrino projects omitted Note: high intensity program starts before Project X! Eric Prebys, HEP 09, Krakow, Poland

26. Summary • Life will change for Fermilab when the LHC starts to take real data. • Nevertheless, we plan to continue to support a world-class accelerator-based physics program. • We have developed both an intermediate and a long range program, which can accommodate a range of funding scenarios. Eric Prebys, HEP 09, Krakow, Poland