Solid and Hazardous Waste

1. Solid and Hazardous Waste Chapter 21

2. 21-1 What Are Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste, and Why Are They Problems? • Concept 21-1 Solid waste represents pollution and unnecessary waste of resources, and hazardous waste contributes to pollution, natural capital degradation, health problems, and premature deaths.

3. We Throw Away Huge Amounts of Useful Things and Hazardous Materials • Solid waste: any unwanted or discarded material we produce that is not a liquid or gas. • Municipal solid waste (MSW): produced directly by homes and workplaces • often called garbage or trash • Industrial solid waste: produced indirectly by industries that supply people with goods and services

4. We Throw Away Huge Amounts of Useful Things and Hazardous Materials • Hazardous ortoxic waste: threatens human health or the environment because it is toxic, chemically active, corrosive or flammable. • Organic compounds (solvents, pesticides, PCB’s) • Toxic heavy metals (lead, mercury, arsenic) • Radioactive waste (nuclear power plants, weapons facilities) • Developed countries produce 80-90% of the world’s hazardous wastes • The U.S. produces much more than any other country • China could overtake us

5. What Harmful Chemicals Are in Your Home? • Although technically hazardous wastes, the disposal of these chemicals are do not fall under government regulation. • However, care should still be taken when choosing a disposal method.

6. We Throw Away Huge Amounts of Useful Things and Hazardous Materials • Two reasons to be concerned about the amount of waste we generate: • At least 75% of waste is unnecessary and uses up our earth’s precious resources. • Producing the products we use and throw away creates large amounts of air pollution, water pollution, land degradation, and even more waste.

7. Solid Waste in the United States • The United States produces about a third of the world’s solid waste and buries more than half of it in landfills. • About 98.5% is industrial solid waste. • The remaining 1.5% is MSW. • About 55% of U.S. MSW is dumped into landfills, 30% is recycled or composted, and 15% is burned in incinerators.

8. Solid Waste in the United States Source: http://www.epa.gov/msw/facts.htm

9. 21-2 How Should We Deal with Solid Waste? • Concept 21-2 A sustainable approach to solid waste is first to reduce it, then to reuse or recycle it, and finally to safely dispose of what is left.

10. Integrated Waste Management

11. Integrated Waste Management: Priorities for Dealing with Solid Waste • 1st Priority – prevent waste generation • 2nd Priority – reuse, recycle, compost materials • Last priority – deal with the waste generated • It is always best to prevent the production of waste than to deal with it once it has been created. • We will reference this again when discussing pollution

12. We Can Cut Solid Wastes by Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling The 3 “Rs” of waste reduction: • Reduce: consume less and not only save resources, but also save money. • Reuse: rely more on items that can be used over and over, or ones that can be fixed and used again. • Recycle: paper, glass, cans, plastics…and buy items made from recycled materials. • If you would like to add a 4th ”R”: • Refuse: to buy items that we really don’t need, or ones that generate a lot of waste.

13. 21-3 Why Is Reusing and Recycling Materials So Important? • Concept 21-3 Reusing items decreases the use of matter and energy resources and reduces pollution and natural capital degradation; recycling does so to a lesser degree.

14. Reuse: Important Way to Reduce Solid Waste, Pollution and to Save Money • Reuse: involves cleaning and using materials over and over increasing the lifespan of a product • Decreases the use of resources, decrease in energy used, cuts pollution, creates jobs • Examples: • Yard sales, flea markets, secondhand stores, E-bay, Craigslist, auctions • Salvaging automobiles parts • Rechargeable batteries

15. Case Study:Use of Refillable Containers • Refilling and reusing containers uses fewer resources and less energy, produces less waste, saves money, and creates jobs. • In Denmark and Canada’s Price Edward’s Island there is a ban on all beverage containers that cannot be reused. • In Finland 95% of soft drink and alcoholic beverages are refillable (Germany 75%).

16. Case Study:Use of Refillable Containers • We can use reusable shopping bags, food containers, shipping pallets, rechargeable batteries, and borrowing tools. • Many countries in Europe and Asia charge shoppers for plastic bags.

17. There Are Two Types of Waste That Can Be Recycled • Recyclinginvolves reprocessing discarded materials into new, useful products. • Pre-consumer waste–waste generated in the manufacturing process • internal waste • Post-consumer waste – waste generated by consumer use of products • external waste • the waste we actually “see”

18. There Are Two Types of Recycling • Primary or closed loop recycling: materials are turned into new products of the same type. • Making paper with recycled paper, or new glass bottles out of used glass bottles • Secondary recycling: materials are converted into different products. • Shredded tires used to resurface tracks • Pop bottles can be turned into playground equipment or car seats

19. We Can Mix or Separate Household Solid Wastes for Recycling • Materials-recovery facilities (MRFs) – MSW is sent to a MRF to pick out and sort the recyclable materials. • Uses lots of energy and man-power • Expensive • Source separation– households/businesses sort recyclables out of their own garbage • Incentive?? • Fee-per-bag – households/ businesses charged for each trash bag picked up, but no charge for recycling

20. We Can Copy Nature and Recycle Biodegradable Solid Wastes • Composting biodegradable organic waste is a way to recycle the yard trimmings and food wastes that would be sent to a landfill. • Composting mimics nature by recycling plant nutrients to the soil.

21. Case Study:Recycling Paper • 55% of the world’s tree harvest is for making paper. • Paper (especially newspaper and cardboard) is very easy to recycle: • Removing ink and/or glue, converting it back to pulp, bleaching it white, and press it into paper • Making recycled paper vs. production new paper • 64% less energy use • 35% less water pollution • 74% less air pollution • Doesn’t cut down any trees!

22. Case Study:Recycling Plastics • Recycling many plastics is chemically and economically difficult. • Many plastics are hard to isolate from other wastes. • Recovering plastic resins does not yield much material. • The cost of new plastic is lower than recycled due to low fossil fuel costs.

23. Case Study:Recycling Plastics

24. Trade-Offs: Recycling, Advantages and Disadvantages

25. 21-4 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Burning or Burying Solid Waste • Concept 21-4 Technologies for burning and burying solid wastes are well developed, but burning contributes to pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and buried wastes eventually contribute to pollution and land degradation.

26. Burning Solid Waste Has Advantages and Disadvantages • Globally, MSW is burned in more than 600 large waste-to-energy incinerators, which boil water to make steam for heating water, or for production of electricity. • 98 of them in the U.S. • A few European countries incinerate most of their MSW. • Great Britain burns about 90% of its “rubbish” • The ash left over after the incineration process must still be disposed of in a landfill. • Takes up 90% LESS space • However, now it is considered hazardous waste.

27. Solutions: A Waste-to-Energy Incinerator with Pollution Controls

28. Solutions: A Waste-to-Energy Incinerator with Pollution Controls Greater Detroit Resource Recovery Facility / Incinerator

29. Trade-Offs: Incineration, Advantages and Disadvantages • To be economically feasible, incinerators must be fed huge amounts of waste every day. • Encourages trash production • Discourages recycling • Many proposed projects have been cancelled: • High costs • Pollution concerns

30. Burying Solid Waste Has Advantages and Disadvantages • Most of the world’s MSW is buried in landfills that eventually are expected to leak toxic liquids into the soil and underlying aquifers. • Open dumps: fields or holes in the ground where garbage is deposited and sometimes covered with soil/clay. Mostly used in developing countries. • Sanitary landfills: solid wastes are spread out in thin layers, compacted and covered daily with a fresh layer of clay or plastic foam. The bottom is also sealed with layers of clay and synthetic liners.

31. Burying Solid Waste Has Advantages and Disadvantages

32. Burying Solid Waste Has Advantages and Disadvantages • 2 problematic substances created by the disposal of waste in landfills are: • Leachate – water that accumulates chemicals as it trickles through the wastes • Can contaminate groundwater if it leaks out of the landfill • Leachate is pumped out the bottom of the landfill and is treated to rid it of toxic chemicals • Methane – a gas given off by the decomposition of the organic material • Methane gas recover wells collect the gas as it is created • Methane is burned to create electricity

33. Solutions:State-of-the-Art Sanitary Landfill

34. Burying Solid Waste Has Advantages and Disadvantages

35. Burying Solid Waste Has Advantages and Disadvantages • The location and types of landfills in Iowa.

36. Trade-Offs:Sanitary Landfills, Advantages and Disadvantages