Chapter 18-Genetic Engineering of Plants: Methodology

1. Chapter 18-Genetic Engineering of Plants: Methodology Plant transformation with the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmid derived vector systems Physical methods of transferring genes to plants (microprojectile bombardment) Chloroplast engineering Use of reporter genes in transformed plant cells Manipulation of gene expression in plants Production of marker-free transgenic plants

2. Why genetically engineer plants? • To improve the agricultural or horticultural value of plants • To serve as living bioreactors for the production of economically important proteins or metabolites • To provide a renewable source of energy (biofuels) • To provide a powerful means for studying the biological action of genes and gene products

3. Plant transformation with the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens • A. tumefaciens is a gram-negative soil bacterium which naturally transforms plant cells, resulting in crown gall (cancer) tumors • Tumor formation is the result of the transfer, integration and expression of genes on a specific segment of A. tumefaciens plasmid DNA called the T-DNA (transferred DNA) • The T-DNA resides on a large plasmid called the Ti (tumor inducing) plasmid found in A. tumefaciens

4. The Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumafaciens and the transfer of its T-DNA to the plant nuclear genome

5. Fig. 18.3 The Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumafaciens and its T-DNA region containing eukaryotic genes for auxin, cytokinin, and opine production.

6. Figure 18.3 Ti plasmid structure

7. Figure 18.1 Infection of a plant with A. tumefaciens and formation of a crown gall tumor.

8. Fig. 28-27 Crown Gall on Tobacco Fig. 18.1 Infection of a plant with A. tumefaciens and formation of crown galls

9. Figure 18.2 and 18.3 Ti plasmid structure and function. Note the wound-induced plant phenolics induce the vir genes on the Ti plasmid. • The infection process: • Wounded plant cell releases phenolics and nutrients. • Phenolics and nutrients cause chemotaxic response of A. tumefaciens • Attachment of the bacteria to the plant cell. • Certain phenolics (e.g., acetosyringone, hydroxyacetosyringone) induce vir gene transcription and allow for T-DNA transfer and integration into plant chromosomal DNA. • Transcription and translation of the T-DNA in the plant cell to produce opines (food) and tumors (housing) for the bacteria. • The opine permease/catabolism genes on the Ti plasmid allow A. tumefaciens to use opines as a C, H, O, and N source.

10. Figure 18.4 Conserved nucleotides at the right and left borders of the Ti plasmid are imperfect direct repeats.

11. Figure 18.6 Chemical structures of three opines produced by plants.

12. Fig. 18.7 The binary Ti plasmid system involves using a small T-DNA plasmid (shown below) and a disarmed (i.e., no T-DNA) Ti plasmid in A. tumefaciens

13. (disarmed) Plant genetic engineering with the binary Ti plasmid system Clone YFG (your favorite gene) or the target gene in the small T-DNA plasmid in E. coli, isolate the plasmid and use it to transform the disarmed A. tumefaciens as shown. Disarmed Ti plasmid Transgenic plant

14. Table 18.1

15. Table 18.2

16. Fig. 18.10 Microprojectile bombardment or biolistic-mediated DNA transfection equipment(a) lab version(b) portable version * When the helium pressure builds to a certain point, the plastic rupture disk bursts, and the released gas accelerates the flying disk* with the DNA-coated gold particles on its lower side. The gold particles pass the stopping screen, which holds back the flying disk, and penetrate the cells of the plant.

17. Figure 18.10 Microprojectile bombardment (biolistics) apparatus

18. Chloroplasts can be genetically engineered using microparticle bombardment. Figure 18.12 Figure 18.13

19. Table 18.5

20. Table 18.5 Some plant cell reporter and selectable marker gene systems

21. Reporter Genes • For how reporter genes work, see: http://bcs.whfreeman.com/lodish7e/#800911__811966__ • GFP Researchers Win Nobel Prize (October 8, 2008) Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie, and Roger Tsien won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for their work on green flourescent protein, a tool that has become ubiquitous in modern biology as a tag and molecular highlighter, vastly improving our ability to understand what goes on inside cells. • Perhaps you may even want to see a 10 minute YouTube video on GFP; if so please see http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sl2PRHGpYuU

22. Manipulation of gene expression in plants • Strong, constitutive promoters (35S Cauliflower mosaic virus promoter or 35S CaMV or 35S) • Organ and tissue specific promoter (e.g., the leaf-specific promoter for the small subunit of the photosynthetic enzyme ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase or rbc) • Promoterless reporter gene constructs to find new organ- and tissue-specific promoter (see Fig. 18.15) • Inducible promoters • Secretion of transgene products by inclusion of a signal peptide sequence between a root promoter and YFG and growing the transgenic plant hydroponically (YFG product will be secreted)

23. Figure 18.21 Rhizosecretion using a plant promoter active in roots and a signal peptide sequence.

24. Figure 18.26 Marker genes may be a safety issue, so it is best to remove them—here is one strategy.