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Explore major aging theories, compare biological and psychosocial perspectives, and analyze the rationale behind using multiple theories. Discover psychosocial theories and psychological perspectives, such as Human Needs and Erikson's Stages of Personality. Dive into Biological Theories, including Stochastic and Nonstochastic Theories. Learn how Nursing Theories of Aging like Functional Consequences and Theory of Thriving impact care for older adults. Gain insights into managing chronic illnesses and promoting peaceful aging with dignity.
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Learning Objectives • Identify the major theories of aging. • Compare the similarities and differences between biological and psychosocial theories. • Describe the process of aging using a biological and a psychosocial perspective.
Learning Objectives (cont’d) • Analyze the rationale for using multiple theories of aging to describe the complex phenomenon of aging. • Describe a general theoretical framework, taken from all of the aging theories, which will assist nurses in making clinical decisions in gerontology.
Psychosocial Theories of Aging • Changing roles, relationships, status and generational cohort impact the older adult’s ability to adapt. (Table 3-1, p. 64) • Activity Theory • Disengagement Theory • Subculture • Continuity Theory • Age Stratification Theory • Person-Environment-Fit Theory • Gerotranscendence
Psychological Theories • Explain aging in terms of mental processes, emotions, attitudes, motivation, and personality development characterized by life stage transitions (P.65) • Human Needs Theory: five basic needs-Maslow • Individualism: Jung’s theory • Stages of Personality Theory: Erikson’s Developmental Theory
Erikson’s Stages of Personality • Basic Trust vs. Basic Mistrust (maternal relationship) • Autonomy vs. Shame (master toilet training)-early childhood • Initiative vs. Guilt (do things on their own)-preschool; 3-6yr • Industry vs. Inferiority (comparing self worth)- school 6-11 • Identity vs. Role Confusion(questioning of self) – adolescent ;12-20 yrs • Intimacy vs. Isolation (adult development) 20-24 yrs • Generativity vs. Stagnation(usefulness or regretful) 25-64 • Integrity vs. Despair (achieved important goals) 65 -
Biological Theories of Aging (p. 83)Stochastic Theories • Environment and the body’s constant need to manufacture energy and fuel metabolic activities cause toxic by-products to accumulate. • Based on random events that cause cellular damage, which accumulates as organism ages. • Free Radical Theory: end product of metabolism • Orgel/Error Theory • Wear and Tear Theory • Connective Tissue Theory
Biological Theories of AgingNonstochastic Theories • Based on genetically programmed events caused by cellular damage that accelerates aging of the organism. (p. 83) • Programmed Theory • Gene/Biological Clock Theory • Neuroendocrine Theory • Immunological Theory
Nursing Theories of Aging (p. 85) • Functional Consequences Theory • Environmental and biopsychosocial consequences impact functioning. • Theory of Thriving • Failure to thrive caused by discord between the individual and environment or relationships. Disharmony cause failure to thrive.
Conclusion • For older adults with chronic illnesses, stochastic theories of aging help nurses to better manage physical illness and conditions • Psychosocial aging theories help nurses assist older adults and their families recognize that their life has been one of integrity and meaning, and facilitate peaceful death with dignity. • Aging continues to be explained from multiple theoretical perspectives, which collectively reveal that aging is a complex phenomenon still much in need of research.
