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7. Chapter. Telecommunications, the Internet and Wireless Technology. TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING IN TODAY’S BUSINESS WORLD. The Business Telecommunications Environment.

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  1. 7 Chapter Telecommunications, the Internet and Wireless Technology

  2. TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING IN TODAY’S BUSINESS WORLD The Business Telecommunications Environment • Telecommunications environment provides connectivity by providing communication channels for text, voice, and video images. • The network infrastructure for a large corporation consists of many different kinds of networks for both data and voice communication. • Most of these different kinds of networks are moving towards a common Internet foundation.

  3. Firms used two fundamentally different types of networks; telephone networks and computer networks. Both voice and data communication networks have become more powerful more portable and less expensive. Broadband connections provided by telephone and cable companies running at 1 million bits per second Japan has the highest speed and the lowest cost per megabit per second in the countries surveyed.

  4. TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING IN TODAY’S BUSINESS WORLD • A networking and communications revolution led by Internet-based technologies • More than 1 billion instant messages per day • 4 billion e-mails each day • 65 million music files downloaded

  5. TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING IN TODAY’S BUSINESS WORLD • Estimated 3.9 billion photos sent over the Internet • $769 billion spent in the United States on telecommunications equipment and services • Today, networking and the Internet are synonymous with doing business.

  6. Figure 8-2 TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING IN TODAY’S BUSINESS WORLD Corporate Network Infrastructure

  7. TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING IN TODAY’S BUSINESS WORLD Networking and Communications Trends • The seven major trends in telecommunications: • Rapid technological innovation has resulted in a proliferation of new hardware devices and new alternatives for business communications. • Continuing telecommunications deregulation has encouraged competition and created many alternatives.

  8. TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING IN TODAY’S BUSINESS WORLD Networking and Communications Trends (Continued) • Distinctions between telephone, cable television, Internet, and satellite telecommunication are blurred. • Growing dominance of Internet technologies in voice, video, and data communications • Rapid growth in “last-mile” high-speed broadband connections to homes and businesses

  9. TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING IN TODAY’S BUSINESS WORLD Networking and Communications Trends (Continued) • Rapid growth in wireless telephone, wireless computer networks, and mobile Internet devices • Growing scope of communication-intense services and products

  10. CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE Networks and Corporate Infrastructure • A network consists of two or more connected computers. • Each computer on the network contains a network interface device called a network interface card (NIC). • The connection medium for linking network components can be a telephone wire, coaxial cable, or radio signal in the case of cell phone and wireless local area networks.

  11. CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE Networks and Corporate Infrastructure (Continued) • The network operating system (NOS) routes and manages communications on the network and coordinates network resources. • Networks also contain a switch or a hub acting as a connection point between the computers. • Hubs are very simple devices that connect network components, sending a packet of data to all other connected devices.

  12. CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE Networks and Corporate Infrastructure (Continued) • A switch has more intelligence than a hub and can filter and forward data to a specified destination. Switches are used within individual networks. • A router is a special communications processor used to route packets of data through different networks, ensuring that the message sent gets to the correct address.

  13. Figure 8-4 CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE Components of a Simple Network

  14. CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE Key Digital Networking Technologies • Client/Server Computing • Packet Switching • TCP/IP and Connectivity

  15. CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE Client/Server Computing: • Client/server computing is a distributed computing model in which much of the processing power is located within small, inexpensive client computers. • The powerful clients are linked to one another through a network that is controlled by a network server computer. • The server sets the rules of communication for the network and provides every client with an address so others can find it on the network.

  16. Management Information Systems Chapter 8 Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE Packet Switching: • In packet-switched networks, messages are first broken down into small bundles of data called packets. • These packets are sent along different communication paths and then the packets are reassembled once they reach their destinations.

  17. Management Information Systems Chapter 8 Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE Packet Switching: (Continued) • Packet switching makes more efficient use of the communications capacity of a network. • The packets include information for directing the packet to the right address and for checking transmission errors along with the data.

  18. Figure 7-5 CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE Packed-Switched Networks and Packet Communications

  19. CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE TCP/IP and Connectivity: • TCP/IP is the communications protocol used by the Internet and all Internet devices. • TCP/IP provides for breaking up digital messages into packets, routing them to the proper addresses, and then reassembling them into coherent messages. • TCP/IP uses a suite of protocols: TCP and IP.

  20. CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): • Handles the movement of data between computers • Establishes a connection between the computers, sequences the transfer of packets, and acknowledges the packets sent

  21. CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE Internet Protocol (IP): • Responsible for the delivery of packets • Includes the disassembling and reassembling of packets during transmission

  22. TCP/IP: Four-Layer Reference Model Application layer: Communication between applications and other layers Transport layer: Acknowledging and sequencing packets to/from application Internet layer: Addressing, routing, packaging data packets Network interface layer: Placing packets on and receiving them from network medium The Corporate Telecommunications System Features of Contemporary Telecommunications Systems

  23. Figure 7-6 CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE The TCP/IP Reference Model

  24. Telecommunications: Communication of information by electronic means Includes digital data transmission as well as voice transmission Establish interface between sender and the receiver Route messages along most efficient paths Performs elementary processing of information Performs editorial tasks on data Converts message speed or format Controls flow of information PURPOSES AND FUNCTIONS OF A TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM How do they do that?

  25. Analog signal Continuous waveform Passes through communications medium Used for voice communications Types of Signals: Analog andDigital

  26. Digital signal Discrete waveform Transmits data coded into two discrete states as 1-bits and 0-bits Used for data communications Modem Translates computer’s digital signals into analog and vice versa Types of Signals: Analog and Digital

  27. Figure 8-7 CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE Functions of the Modem

  28. CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE Physical Transmission Media The different kinds of physical transmission media used by the networks are: • Twisted Wire • Coaxial Cable • Fiber Optics and Optical Networks • Wireless Transmission

  29. Twisted wire Copper wire twisted in pairs Older analog transmission medium Can be used for digital signals Modems used for translating between digital and analog Coaxial cable: Insulated copper wire Faster, more interference-free than twisted pair Difficult to install The Corporate Telecommunications System Functions of the modem Transmission Media

  30. Fiber optics Strands of clear glass fiber bound into cables Data sent as pulses of light Faster, lighter, more durable Difficult to install; more expensive Used in high-capacity optical networks Currently slowed by need to convert back and forth to electrical data Can use multiplexing; allows one channel to carry several transmissions The Corporate Telecommunications System Transmission Media

  31. Wireless Transmission Use electromagnetic spectrum Microwave and infrared use high-frequency radio signals Paging systems, cellular telephones, PDAs, mobile data networks Wireless communication requires compatible standards Security/privacy issues The Corporate Telecommunications System Transmission Media

  32. Type Area Local Area Network (LAN) Up to 500 meters (half a mile); an office or floor of a building Campus Area Network (CAN) Up to 1,000 meters (a mile); a college campus or corporate facility Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Wide Area Network (WAN) A city or metropolitan area Transcontinental or global area CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE Types of Networks

  33. Transmission Speed bps: bits per second baud rate: rate of signal changes bps = baud rate * how many bits encoded in one signal status Bandwidth = max freq. – min. freq., i.e., Range of frequencies accommodated on a particular channel The Higher the bandwidth, the Faster the transmission speed The Corporate Telecommunications System Transmission Media

  34. The Corporate Telecommunications System Transmission Speed Transmission Media

  35. Connects computers and other digital devices within 2000 ft radius Cabling or wireless technology links computers, network interface cards, and software Network Operating System (NOS)-Windows, Linux, Novell Ethernet- dominant LAN standard Client/server or peer-to-peer architecture Star, bus, and ring topologies Communications Networks Local Area Networks

  36. Communications Networks A local area network (LAN) Figure 8-7

  37. Star Network: All computers and other devices are connected to a central host computer Bus Network: Links a number of computers by a single circuit Ring Network: All computers are linked by a closed loop COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS Network Topologies

  38. Figure 7-8 CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE Network Topologies

  39. Wireless LANs Wi-Fi (802.11b) standard: Up to 11 Mbps, low cost, high-speed mobile Internet access, links work groups (also 54g) Bluetooth standard: Up to 720 Kbps, small personal area networks WiMax making headway COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS Local Area Networks (LANs) and Wide Area Networks (WANs)

  40. Wide Area Networks (WANs) Span large geographical distance Consist of variety of cable, satellite, and microwave technologies Switched lines, dedicated lines COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS Local Area Networks (LANs) and Wide Area Networks (WANs)

  41. Value-Added Networks (VANs) Private, multipath, data-only, third-party-managed network Virtual Private Network (VPN) Uses public infrastructure Allows secure connections Accenture model COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS Network Services and Broadband Technologies

  42. THE INTERNET Technically, the Internet is a global information system defined by three characteristics: • A network composed of computers and other devices that are logically linked together by a unique address space based on the Internet Protocol

  43. THE INTERNET • A network where network devices are able to support communications using TCP/IP or other compatible protocols • A network that provides high-level services layered on a communication and network infrastructure

  44. CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE Broadband Network Services and Technologies • Digital Subscriber Line (DSL): Series of technologies for high-capacity transmission over copper wire • Cable modem: Service for high-speed transmission of data over cable TV lines that are shared by many users • T lines: Dedicated lines for high-speed secure data transmission and Internet connection

  45. THE INTERNET Internet Addressing, Architecture, and Governance The Domain Name System: Every device connected to the Internet has a unique 32-bit numeric IP address. • A Domain Name System (DNS) converts IP addresses to English-like domain names. • The domain name is the name that corresponds to the unique 32-bit numeric IP address for each computer connected to the Internet.

  46. Management Information Systems Chapter 8 Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet THE INTERNET Internet Addressing, Architecture, and Governance (Continued) The Domain Name System: • DNS servers maintain a database containing IP addresses mapped to their corresponding domain names. • To access a computer on the Internet, users need only specify its domain name.

  47. INTERNETADDRESSING IP Address 32-bit number, four strings 207.46.250.119 Domain Name Service (DNS) Converts IP to domain names www.microsoft.com .com, .edu, .gov, .mil, .net, .org .biz, .info

  48. Figure 7-9 THE INTERNET The Domain Name System

  49. Management Information Systems Chapter 8 Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet THE INTERNET Limitations on IP Addresses: IPv4 and IPv6: • Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4): A 32-bit string of numbers organized into four sets of numbers ranging from 0 to 255; contains up to 4 billion addresses • Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6): 128-bit addresses, contains over a quadrillion possible unique addresses

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