Engineering Ethics

1. Engineering Ethics Motivation, Context, Models, and Theories

2. Ethics and the Law • Following the requirements of the law provides protection from prosecution • Since engineering work utilizes new technology before experience and laws can catch up, ethics seeks to go beyond the dictates of current law • Ethical behavior provides protection from civil suits, from damage to reputation, or from loss of professional licensure (The act or an instance of granting a license, usually to practice a profession)and encompasses(cover) ways engineers should conduct themselves in their practice

3. Ethics and Accreditation 1 • TAC (The Technology Accreditation Commission (TAC) of Accreditation Board for ... by the Engineering Council of the United Kingdom and the European) outcome i. An engineering technology program must demonstrate that graduates have an ability to understand professional, ethical and social responsibilities • EAC(engineering accreditation council) outcome f. Engineering programs must demonstrate that their students attain an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility

4. Ethics and Accreditation 2 • CAC outcome e. The program enables students to achieve an understanding of professional, ethical, and social responsibilities • ASAC outcome f. Applied science programs must demonstrate that graduates have an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility

5. Ethics and Registration • To become a registered professional engineer in Indiana, part of the examination may be designed to test the applicant's knowledge and understanding of the ethical, economic, and legal principles relating to the practices of professional engineering. • The take-home part III of the principles & practice examination requires a score of 88 and generally covers ethics and Rule 11 - Rules of Professional Conduct

6. Ethics and Technical Societies • Each technical society for the various engineering disciplines requires a member to subscribe to the code of ethics of the society. • Each society publishes its own code of ethics which are particularly useful to guide members when the only options are unsatisfactory e.g. ASCE, ASME, IEEE, NSPE, SME, AIChE, SFPE

7. Ethics Training for Continued LicensureThe act or an instance of granting a license, usually to practice a profession • The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) encourages all state boards of engineering licensure to institute a minimum professional development requirement consisting of at least one (1) hour per year on professional ethics for professional licensure which would be reciprocal with other states. The one hour per year should be based upon the fundamental canons(rules) of professional conduct and other appropriate administrative rules or regulations, and designed to demonstrate a working knowledge of professional ethics. • ASCE Policy Statement 376 Approved by the National Engineering Practice Policy Committee on March 8, 2007; Approved by the Policy Review Committee on March 9, 2007; Adopted by the Board of Direction on April 24, 2007

8. Three Ethical Models (start) • Malpractice, or Minimalist(One who advocates a moderate or conservative approach, action, or policy), Model • Reasonable-Care, or Due(appropriate)-Care, Model • Good Works Model

9. Malpractice, or Minimalist, Model • This is a minimalist model in which the professional is concerned only with meeting standards and requirements of the profession and any other laws or codes that apply. This model looks to find fault when problems or accidents arise from someone's failure to meet a requirement.

10. Reasonable-Care, or Due-Care, Model • A model of engineering practice in which the engineer is expected to take reasonable precautions or care in the practice of his profession. The model strives to prevent harm, and it appeals to a "standard of reasonableness as seen by a normal, prudent nonprofessional."

11. Good Works Model • A model of engineering practice in which engineers go beyond the basics of what is required by standards and codes and do what they "ought" to do to improve product safety, social health or social well-being.

12. Ethical Theories Based on Philosophical Scholarship • Utilitarianism • Duty Ethics • Rights Ethics • Virtue Ethics See Fleddermann, Engineering Ethics, pp 33-38

13. Utilitarianism John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) • Considers a balance of good & bad consequences for everyone affected (society) • Actions are good that serve to promote human well-being • Cost-Benefit analysis is an application • Consideration of most benefit to the most people outweighs needs of a few individuals

14. Duty Ethics Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) • There are duties that should be performed (e.g.. Duty to treat others fairly or not to injure others) regardless of whether these acts do the most good or not.

15. Rights Ethics John Locke (1632-1704) • People have fundamental rights (like life, liberty, & property) that others have a duty to respect.

16. Virtue(good value) Ethics • Actions are considered right if they support good character traits (virtues) and wrong if they support bad character traits (vices) • Closely tied to personal honor

17. Codes of Ethics Commonly Hold • Engineers and technologists have a duty to hold the health and safety of the public as a primary concern. Usually the first cannon(rule) of any code. • Other duties are summarized in order of importance with most important first e.g. Safety is more important than conflict of interest.

18. ASME Ethics Code (11/5/2006) • 1. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public in the performance of their professional duties. • 2. Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their competence; they shall build their professional reputation on the merit (plus point) of their services and shall not compete unfairly with others. • 3. Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their careers and shall provide opportunities for the professional and ethical development of those engineers under their supervision.

19. ASME Ethics Code • 4. Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest or the appearance of conflicts of interest. • 5. Engineers shall respect the proprietary (pertaining to property or ownership) information and intellectual property rights of others, including charitable organizations and professional societies in the engineering field. • 6. Engineers shall associate only with reputable (trustworthy) persons or organizations. • 7. Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner and shall avoid any conduct which brings discredit upon the profession.

20. 8. Engineers shall consider environmental impact and sustainable development in the performance of their professional duties. • 9. Engineers shall not seek ethical sanction (the punishment for a criminal offense) against another engineer unless there is a good reason to do so under the relevant codes, policies and procedures governing that engineer’s ethical conduct. • 10. Engineers who are members of the Society shall endeavor to abide by the Constitution, By-Laws and Policies of the Society, and they shall disclose knowledge of any matter involving another member’s alleged violation of this Code of Ethics or the Society’s Conflicts of Interest Policy in a prompt, Complete and truthful manner to the chair of the Committee on Ethical Standards and Review.

21. References • Fleddermann, Charles B, Engineering Ethics,2nd Ed., 2004, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, Chapter 3. • ASME PPC, Ethics, referenced from: http://www.professionalpractice.asme.org/transition/ethics/index.htm • NSPE Code (detailed) referenced from: http://www.nspe.org/ethics/eh1-code.asp, True-False quiz referenced from: http://www.nspe.org/ethics/eh1-test.asp

22. Additional Question to Answer Elaborate the differences between right Ethics, duty ethics and virtue ethics. Write one page of A4 paper size