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Basic Digital Photography

Basic Digital Photography. Why Digital?. The ability to easily preview pictures and delete any bad shots, and know immediately if a particular photo needs to be re-shot

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Basic Digital Photography

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  1. Basic Digital Photography

  2. Why Digital? • The ability to easily preview pictures and delete any bad shots, and know immediately if a particular photo needs to be re-shot • The costs of film are replaced with memory cards/sticks that can be re-used again and again, with the larger cards/sticks having a capacity of thousands of pictures • Since pictures are saved on memory cards/sticks, you can easily share pictures by copying off the photos, or sharing the card/stick • Decisions on effects like cropping, sepia tones or black and white, can be easily made after the picture has already been taken

  3. Internal View

  4. Pixels • A pixel is a contraction of the term picture element. Digital images are made up of small squares, just like a tile mosaic on your kitchen or bathroom wall. Though a digital photograph looks smooth and continuous just like a regular photograph, it's actually composed of millions of tiny squares as shown below. • Pixel are really just 1s and 0s – or on/off

  5. Pixel cont.

  6. Pixel Count • The number of individual pixels that go into making each image • A million pixels is abbreviated to MP, so a 1MP camera has 1 million pixels and a 3MP camera has 3 million pixels

  7. Resolution • Is the amount of detail the camera will be able to capture. • The more pixels in the camera’s receptor, the more detail the camera will be able to capture and print out in larger high-quality prints. • Most newer entry level models start at about 13MP. • Cameras with 5MP or higher will allow you to make clear prints in larger sizes, and giving you the freedom to crop an image later without significantly losing quality. • Higher mega pixel cameras are a benefit because when you go in and edit something, and blow it back up to regular size, you lose some of the resolution.

  8. Aspect Ratio • The aspect ratio of a camera is the ratio of the length of the sides of the images • For example, a traditional 35mm film frame is approximately 36mm wide and 24mm HIGH. This has an aspect ratio of 36:24, which can equally well be expressed as 3:2. • However, video monitors typically use a 4:3 aspect ratio.

  9. Digital Zoom vs Optical Zoom • Optical zoom works just like a zoom lens on a film camera. The lens changes focal length and magnification as it is zoomed. Image quality stays high throughout the zoom range. • Digital zoom simply crops the image to a smaller size, then enlarges the cropped portion to fill the frame again. Digital zoom results in a significant loss of quality.

  10. File Types • JPEG, TIFF and RAW • The size of the digital file corresponding to the image which the camera produces depends on the pixel count. • The files are can be big and they can be compressed quite a lot without a significant drop in quality.

  11. Compression Types • A lossy compression method is one where compressing data and then decompressing it retrieves data that may well be different from the original, but is close enough to be useful in some way • Lossless data compression is a class of data compression algorithms that allows the exact original data to be reconstructed from the compressed data. Lossless compression is used when it is important that the original and the decompressed data be identical.

  12. Joint Photo Experts Group • JPEG is an algorithm designed to work with continuous tone photographic images) which takes image data and compresses it in a lossy manner (this means you do lose some information) • The more you compress, the smaller the file but the more information you lose

  13. On the left, 10:1 JPEG compression. On the Right 40:1 compression. Uncompressed the image would look virtually identical to the 10:1 JPEG on the left.

  14. Tagged Image File Format • There are also lossless ways of saving files using TIFF • These keep all the original information, but at the cost of much bigger files

  15. RAW • Some cameras offer a third option, that of saving the actual data generated by the sensor in a proprietary format • These files are compressed, but in a non-lossy manner. They are significantly smaller than equivalent TIFF files, but larger than JPEGs.

  16. Display, Printing, DPI and PPI • When you display a digital image on a monitor, the only thing that determines the size of the image is the pixel count and aspect ratio • PPI stands for "Pixels per inch" and is almost exclusively used for printing, not video display. • DPI stands for "dots per inch" and is a property of a printer, not a digital image

  17. Memory • Most cameras ship with memory included, either built in or as a low-capacity memory card that will store a handful of images at your camera’s lowest resolution. • Memory card capacity is measured in megabytes (MB) or even gigabytes (GB). • A 16 MB card is usually included with the camera will hold only 6-8 full-resolution images in a 4-MP camera. • A 256 MB card will hold about 125 full-resolution images. • 512GB card will hold 100,000+ full-resolution images.

  18. Types of Memory • Compact Flash (CF) • Secure Digital (SD) - Very small. They have a built in write protect switch to prevent accidental erasure and certain encryption capabilities of little interest to digital camera owners. • Smart Media - Thinner than CF cards, but lacking an on-card memory controller. • Memory Stick - Introduced by Sony and used only by Sony

  19. LCD Screen • A colour LCD screen is a standard feature used to frame your shot, review your photos and view menu functions. • Screens are usually 1 ½ to 2 ½ inches, measured diagonally. • Most cameras also feature optical viewfinders and are handy in the sunlight when LCD’s are sometimes difficult to view. • LCD screens are a big drain on your battery and can be turned off to conserve battery life.

  20. The Point and Shoot Camera

  21. Advantages of point and shoot cameras: First and foremost, it is the Size. Weight. Most point and shoot cameras are very light weight. You do not need extra bags, tripods or other accessories to carry around. Fixed lens. All point and shoot cameras come with fixed lenses. You don’t sweat in trying to change lenses. Massive Depth of Field. In layman’s terms, it means that point and shoot cameras typically cannot separate foreground from background, bringing everything in focus and making the entire scene look sharp. This could be both good and bad. Price. A point-and-shoot camera is always going to be cheaper to purchase and maintain than a DSLR. Example - NIKON D700 @ 85mm, ISO 250, 1/250, f/2.8 https://cdn.photographylife.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/Malika-3-960x639.jpg

  22. Disadvantages of point and shoot cameras: Quality. Due to the smaller size of the camera sensor. Downside of a large depth of field. While a point and shoot gets your entire scene nicely in focus, there is not much you can do to isolate your subject from the background and make it look soft and blurry. Adaptability. Point and shoot cameras are not upgradable. You cannot change their lenses or mount external flashes Limited control. Unlike DSLRs, point and shoot cameras give much less control over the process of taking pictures. Shooting in the dark. Point-and-shoot cameras do not have good capabilities for night photography. Inability to capture wide-angle shots. Most point and shoot cameras have lenses that start at 30-35mm, which means that you cannot fit much of the scene and would have to stand back to capture more. Most point and shoot cameras are limited in how fast they can capture an image. Point and shoots are not designed for sports and action photography.

  23. The DSLR Camera

  24. Advantages of DSLR Better image quality. A DSLR camera typically has a much bigger sensor than a point and shoot camera. Better sensitivity to light. shutter and focus speeds. DSLRs can acquire focus very quickly and take multiple shots per second. You see what you shoot. A DSLR is constructed with reflex mirrors, which means that you look through the lens, instead of a see-through hole in the camera. Flexible Controls. Better investment. Generally, DSLR cameras hold their values much better than point and shoots.  Ability to use different lenses. Full control over depth of field. You are fully in charge of isolating foreground from background or bring everything in focus through aperture control of the lens. Weather sealing. Solid construction. Example – https://cdn.photographylife.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/Jade-Portrait.jpg

  25. Disadvantages of DSLR • High price tag. • Weight and Size. • Noise. Due to the nature of DSLRs and their construction, every time the shutter opens and closes, there is a substantial amount of noise that comes out of the camera. Some newer cameras now have a special “Quiet” mode  Credit • https://photographylife.com/dslr-vs-point-and-shoot-camera

  26. END

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