Practical 9 Food borne diseases

1. Practical 9Food borne diseases SPC method

2. Relationship of Microorganisms and food 1- Beneficial/ desirable( make food) - Lactobacilli bacteria in fermented food (yoghurt, pickles) - Yeast Saccharomyces in Bread and baking 2- Deteriorated/ undesirable (spoilage) - Non-pathogenic - Fungi, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Bacillus 3-Pathogenic or Toxogenic: cause disease

3. Conditions for Spoilage • Water, pH , temperature ,physical structure. • Water • pH • Physical structure • Oxygen • temperature

4. Spoilage of food • Organisms that cause spoilage: Pseudomonas , Proteus, Serratia, lactobacillus micrococcus, fungi such as Aspergillus, Rhizopus, yeast. • Spoilage appears as : • greening , Rotting , souring moldy appearance, discoloration, bad smell.

5. Foodborne disease is any illness resulting from the consumption of food contaminated with one or more disease-producing agents( bacteria, parasites, viruses, fungi and their products toxic substances) • Two primary types • Food infection : due to presence of living organism • Food poisoning due to presence of toxins (staphylococcal, botulism, Clostridium perfringens, and Bacillus cereus)

6. Food borne infections vs. intoxication Infections Bacterial / Viral / parasite Invade and or multiply in lining of intestine Incubation period- hours to days S/s – Diarrhea , nausea, vomiting , abdominal cramps, fever Communicable-spreads from person to person Factors-inadequate cooking, cross contamination , poor personal hygiene , bare hand contact Intoxications/ Poisoning toxins ( natural / preformed bacterial / chemical) No invasion or multiplication Incubation period- minutes to hours S/s – Vomiting , nausea, diarrhea , diplopia, weakness, resp. failure , numbness, sensory/motor dysfunction Not communicable Factors-inadequate cooking , improper handling temperatures

7. The numbers and types of microorganisms present on a food are affected by the following factors; • The general environment which the food was originally obtained from • The microbial content of the food in the unprocessed state • The sanitary conditions during the processing • The adequacy of subsequence packaging, handling and storage conditions.

8. General facts about Food borne diseases • Every person is at risk of food borne illness. • No long-term health threat to average person • May be serious for very young, very old, people with long term illness • Reaction may occur in a few hours or up to several days after exposure Symptoms • Abdominal cramps, headache, vomiting, diarrhea (may be bloody), fever, death

9. After Ingestion of bacteria • Will be sick within 6-72 hours after eating contaminated food. (NOT usually sick immediately after eating!) • Symptoms usually last 4-7 days • Most recover without antibiotics or treatment. • Diarrhea can be severe enough to hospitalize person (dehydration)

10. Sources of Pathogens in Food 1-Food itself: soil contaminated, water irrigation e.g. Vibrio, Brucella, Salmonella 2-FoodHandlers :Cooks, workers, waiters. e.g. Staph, Salmonella, Shigella, hepatitis A 3- Environment:Food storage, sanitation of markets, utensils , benches,food transport e.g. Bacillus, Yersinia, Campylobacter

11. Food risky to food borne disease • Fermented/ pickled food • Sausages, pickled vegetables • Raw contaminated food • Raw meat , , milk, salads, chicken • Undercooked food steaks, eggs, creams, fish • Readymade food • Canned, frozen , ready made sandwiches

12. What to do in case of food borne dis. • Look for pathogenic organisms from different samples • Look for toxins in food • Must take samples from 1- Patients 2- Handlers 3- Food Leftovers 4- Utensils , boards, storage places

13. Detection of M.O. in food • Conventional cultural techniques • Standard plate count (SPC) • Most probable number (MPN), MFT • Rapid tests biochemical, immunological • Commercial kits : MMO-MUG, Elisa • Molecular techniques • Nucleotide hybridization • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

14. Comparison of detection methods • All methods must be must be rapid and sensitive • Methods include: • Culture techniques – may be too slow • Rapid biochemical techniques- rapid • Immunological techniques - very sensitive • Molecular techniques – new, sensitive and specific but need reduce false positives

15. Evaluating the sanitary quality of foods • It is impractical to analyze all food for presence of pathogens • Use of indicator organisms • If present in greater than allowable No’s, it indicates that food is not of acceptable sanity quality. If absent, food is almost safe • SPC method can be used to test different organisms.

16. Standard plate count(SPC) The process of using standard plate count is to dilute samples of the material to be tested with the agar medium, after 48 hours of incubation at 35c visible colonies are counted Homogenise food sample(50g of food+450ml of S. saline) Make ten fold serial dilutions from mixed sample Plate on suitable selective media Incubate at 35oC, for24 h. Colony count

17. Rapid tests • Commercial kits: many • Faster than conventional method • e.g. the MMO-MUG method for Coliform testing Negative Positive Negative Positive Total Coliform E. coli

18. MMO-MUG method • A chemically defined media containing the sugar-dyes ONPG and MUG are used in the MMO-MUG test procedure.  After incubation, Coliform bacteria  break down the ONPG sugar dye and cause the clear media, to turn a distinct orange color. • A unique feature of the MMO-MUG method is the ability to determine the presence of the bacterium E. coli directly, without additional culture media or incubation.  When a total Coliform positive (orange) MMO-MUG sample jar is placed in ultraviolet light, the sample will fluoresce a distinct blue color when E. coli are present. 

19. Pathogens of Most Concern on Fresh Produce • Salmonella Shigella • Escherichia coli Campylobacter • Yersinia enterocolitica Staphylococcus aureus • Clostridium species Bacillus cereus • Vibrio species • Viruses (Hepatitis A, Norwalk, Rota ) • Parasites/Protozoa- (Giardia, Entamoeba, Toxoplasma, Sarccystis, Isopora,Cryptosporidium, Eimeria, Cyclospora)

20. General Control of food borne disease in markets • Food inspection • Check Handlers health • Education and training for food handlers and public • Market sanitation • Proper transport and storage methods

21. Food control In the Home • Drink pasteurized milk and juices • Wash hands carefully and frequently • After using the bathroom, Changing infant’s diapers, Cleaning up animal feces, before preparing food & before eating • Wash raw fruits and vegetables before eating • After contact with raw meat or poultry • Wash hands, utensils and kitchen surfaces with hot soapy water

22. In the Home • Cook beef/beef products thoroughly • Internal temperature of 70o C • Cook poultry and eggs thoroughly • Internal temperature of 80oC • Eat cooked food promptly • Defrost meats in the refrigerator • Refrigerate leftovers within 2 hours after cooking • Store in shallow containers so that the contents gets cooled evenly throughout

23. Five general keys to Safer food 1. Keep Clean – Wash hands before handling food and often during preparation Wash hands after going to toilet Wash n sanitize all surfaces n equipment for food preparation-protect kitchen from insects , pets 2. Separate raw and cookedfood- Separate raw meat , poultry n seafood from other foods Use separate utensils for handling raw foods Store food in containers to avoid contact between raw and cooked foods 3. Cook Thoroughly – esp. Meat , poultry , eggs and Seafood Bring soups n stews to boiling (ensure>70degree temp) Reheat cooked food thoroughly

24. Five Keys to Safer Food 4. Keep food at safe temperature - Don't leave cooked food at room temp.>2 hours Prompt refrigeration of cooked n perishable food Keep cooked food piping hot(>60 de.) prior to serving Don’t store food too long even in refrigerator Don’t thaw frozen food at room temperature 5. Use safe water and raw materials- Use safe water or treat to make it safe Select fresh and wholesome fruits Choose foods processed for safety - pasteurized milk Wash fruits n vegetables if eaten raw Don’t use food beyond expiry date

25. Prevention of Food Borne diseasesWHO ‘ten golden rules • Food processed for safety • Thoroughly cook • Eat immediately • Store carefully • Reheat thoroughly • No contact between raw & cooked • Wash hands • Keep food preparation surfaces clean • Protect from pests • Use potable water

26. CONCLUSIONS 1. It is important to realize that with any of the methods of analysis forpathogen or indicator, there is no absolute guarantee of success. 2. The organisms under test can be missed completely (false negative) or other organisms can mimic positive results giving rise to false positives. 3. Developing and improving methods of analysis for pathogens and indicators is an area of intensive and continuing research. 4. This is particularly the case where `new’ pathogens are concerned and a widely accepted method needs to be established. 5. Even when techniques are well established, research continues to try and improve sensitivity, eliminate false positive and reduce the time taken to obtain results.