Environmental Hazards and Human Health

1. Environmental Hazards and Human Health Chapter 14

2. Core Case Study: HIV/AIDS (1) • Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) • Mode of transmittance • Exponential increase of infection worldwide

3. Core Case Study: HIV/AIDS (2) • No vaccine for HIV • No cure for AIDS

4. Kaposi’s Sarcoma Fig. 14-1, p. 323

5. Impact of AIDS on the Age Structure of Botswana, Africa Fig. 14-2, p. 323

6. 14-1 What Major Health Hazards Do We Face? • Concept 14-1 People face health hazards from biological, chemical, physical, and cultural factors and from the choices they make in their lifestyles.

7. Risk and Hazards • Risk • Probability • Possibility • Risk assessment • Risk management

8. Risk Assessment and Risk Management Fig. 14-3, p. 324

9. Major Types of Hazards • Biological • Chemical • Physical • Cultural • Lifestyle

10. 14-2 What Types of Biological Hazards Do We Face? • Concept 14-2 In terms of death rates, the most serious infectious diseases are flu, AIDS, diarrhea, and malaria, with most of these deaths occurring in developing countries.

11. Biological Hazards (1) • Nontransmissible diseases • Transmissible (infectious) disease • Pathogens • Epidemic • Pandemic

12. Biological Hazards (2) • Good news • Bad news

13. Pathways for Infectious Diseasein Humans

14. Pets Livestock Wild animals Insects Food Water Air Fetus and babies Other humans Humans Fig. 14-4, p. 326

15. Pets Livestock Wild animals Insects Food Water Air Fetus and babies Other humans Humans Stepped Art Fig. 14-4, p. 326

16. World’s Seven Deadliest Infectious Diseases

17. Disease (type of agent) Deaths per year Pneumonia and flu (bacteria and viruses) 3.2 million HIV/AIDS (virus) 3.0 million Diarrheal diseases (bacteria and viruses) 2.1 million Malaria (protozoa) 2.0 million Tuberculosis (bacteria) 1.6 million Hepatitis B (virus) 1 million Measles (virus) 800,000 Fig. 14-5, p. 326

18. Science Focus: Growing Resistanceto Antibiotics • High bacterial reproductive rate • Genetic resistance • Global travel • Use of pesticides • Overuse of antibiotics

19. Global Threats from Disease • Tuberculosis • Viral diseases • Malaria

20. Distribution of Malaria Fig. 14-6, p. 329

21. The Life Cycle of Malaria

22. Female mosquito bites infected human, ingesting blood that contains Plasmodium gametocytes Merozoites enter bloodstream and develop into gametocytes causing malaria and making infected person a new reservoir Plasmodium develop in mosquito Sporozoites penetrate liver and develop into merozoites Female mosquito injects Plasmodium sporozoites into human host. Fig. 14-7, p. 329

23. Female mosquito bites infected human, ingesting blood that contains Plasmodium gametocytes Merozoites enter blood-stream and develop into gametocytes causing malaria and making infected person a new reservoir Plasmodium develops in mosquito Sporozoites penetrate liver and develop into merozoites Female mosquito injects Plasmodium sporozoites into human host Stepped Art Fig. 14-7, p. 329

24. Ecological Medicine • Zoonotic diseases • Ecological (conservation) medicine • Human actions encourage spread of disease • Clear-cutting and fragmentation • Harvesting animals • Global trade and travel • Trade in wild species

25. Science Focus: A Nightmare Flu Scenario • Common flu • Potent varieties of flu virus • Spanish flu of 1918 • Future pandemics • Animals as reservoirs for flu virus • H5N1 avian flu virus (bird flu)

26. Preventing or Reducing the Incidence of Infectious Diseases Fig. 14-8, p. 331

27. 14-3 What Types of Chemical Hazards Do We Face? • Concept 14-3 There is growing concern about chemicals that can cause cancer and disrupt the human immune, nervous, and endocrine systems.

28. Chemical Hazards (1) • Toxic chemicals • Hazardous chemicals • Mutagens • Teratogens • Carcinogens

29. Chemical Hazards (2) • Metastasis • Immune system • Neurotoxins • Hormonally active agents (HAA) • DDT, PCBs, atrazine, aluminum, mercury, bisphenol-A

30. 14-4 How Can We Evaluate Chemical Hazards? • Concept 14-4A Any synthetic or natural chemical can be harmful if ingested in a large enough quantity. • Concept 14-4B Many health scientists call for much greater emphasis on pollution prevention to reduce our exposure to potentially harmful chemicals.

31. Determining Chemical Safety (1) • Toxicology • Toxicity • Dose • Relevance of genetic makeup • Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS)

32. Determining Chemical Safety (2) • Water and fat soluble toxins • Persistence • Bioaccumulation • Biomagnification • Chemical interactions

33. Type and Severity of Health Damage • Response – dose dependent • Acute • Chronic • Mechanisms which reduce harmful effects • Age-related effects • Effects of trace levels of toxic chemicals

34. Estimating Human Exposure to Chemicals and Their Effect

35. Water pollutant levels Air pollutant levels Soil/dust levels Food pesticide levels Nutritional health Overall health Lifestyle Predicted level of toxicant in people Personal habits Genetic predisposition Metabolism Accumulation Excretion Lung, intestine, and skin absorption rates Fig. 14-9, p. 335

36. Potentially Harmful Chemicals Foundin Homes

37. Teddy bear Some stuffed animals made oversees contain flame retardants and/or pesticides Shampoo Perfluorochemicals to add shine Clothing Can contain perfluorochemicals Baby bottle Can contain bisphenol-A Nail polish Perfluorochemicals and phthalates Mattress Flame retardants in stuffing Perfume Phthalates Hairspray Phthalates Carpet Padding and carpet fibers contain flame retardants, perfluorochemicals, and pesticides Food Some food contains bisphenol-A TV Wiring and plastic casing contain flame retardants Milk Fat contains dioxins and flame retardants Sofa Foam padding contains flame retardants and perfluorochemicals Frying pan Nonstick coating contains perfluorochemicals Fruit Imported fruit may contain pesticides banned in the U.S. Toys Vinyl toys contain phthalates Water bottle Can contain bisphenol-A Tennis shoes Can contain phthalates Tile floor Nonstick coating contains perfluorochemicals, phthalates, and pesticides Computer Flame retardant coatings of plastic casing and wiring Fig. 14-10, p. 336

38. Protection against Harmful Chemicals • Pollution protection • Precautionary principle • Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) • The dirty dozen • Can we have a risk-free society?

39. 14-5 How Do We Perceive Risks and How Can We Avoid the Worst of Them? • Concept 14-5 We can reduce the major risks we face by becoming informed, thinking critically about risks, and making careful choices.

40. Evaluating Risks (1) • Risk analysis (risk assessment) • Comparative risk analysis • Risk management • Risk communication

41. Evaluating Risks (2) • Poverty – the greatest risk • Risks from lifestyles

42. Number of Deaths Per Year in the World

43. Cause of death Annual deaths Poverty/ malnutrition/ disease cycle 11 million (150) Tobacco 5.4 million (74) Pneumonia and flu 3.2 million (44) Air pollution 3 million (41) HIV/AIDS 3 million (41) Malaria 2 million (27) Diarrhea 1.9 million (26) Tuberculosis 1.6 million (22) Automobile accidents 1.2 million (16) Work-related injury and disease 1.1 million (15) 1 million (14) Hepatitis B Measles 800,000 (11) Fig. 14-11, p. 338

44. Comparison of Risks in the United States Fig. 14-12, p. 339

45. Comparative Risk Analysis Fig. 14-13, p. 340

46. Annual Deaths in the United States from Tobacco Use and Other Causes in 2004

47. Cause of Death Deaths Tobacco use 442,000 101,500 (43,450 auto) Accidents Alcohol use 85,000 Infectious diseases 75,000 (16,000 from AIDS) Pollutants/toxins 55,000 30,600 Suicides Homicides 20,622 17,000 Illegal drug use Fig. 14-14, p. 340

48. Estimating Risks from Technologies • System reliability (%) = Technological reliability + Human reliability • Difficulties in estimating reliability • Perceived risk vs. actual risk

49. Improving Risk Evaluation • Carefully evaluate news reports • Compare risks • Concentrate on most serious risks

50. Animation: HIV Replication PLAY ANIMATION