Chapter

1. 8 Chapter Regional Economic Integration

2. Agreement between countries in a geographic region to reduce and ultimately remove tariff and non tariff barrier to the free flow of good, services and factors of production between each other. Follows the proof of Comparative Advantage Europe takes the lead on REI Regional Economic Integration

3. Free trade area Customs union Common market Economic union Political union Levels of economic integration

4. Levels of economic integration Fig 8.1

5. WHY

6. Stimulates economic growth in countries Increases FDI and world production Countries specialize in those goods and services efficiently produce. Additional gains from free trade beyond the international agreements such as GATT and WTO Because they may be easier to negotiate outside of the GATT and WTO Economic case for integration

7. Economic interdependence creates incentives for political cooperation This reduces potential for violent confrontation. Together, the countries have more economic clout to enhance trade with other countries or trading blocs The political case for integration

8. Integration is hard to achieve and sustain Nation may benefit but groups within countries may be hurt Potential loss of sovereignty and control over domestic issues Impediments to integration

9. Europe has two trade blocks European Union Seen as the emerging power with almost 25 members European Free Trade Association Has only four members Regional economic integration in Europe

10. Product/Evolution of two political factors: Devastation of WWI and WWII and desire for peace Desire for European nations to hold their own, politically and economically, on the world stage 1951 - European Coal and Steel Community. 1957- Treaty of Rome establishes the European Community 1994 - Treaty of Maastricht changes name to the European Union Evolution of the European Union

11. European Union countries Map 8..1

12. European council Heads of states of EU Members Nations President resolves policy issues and sets policy direction Major Policy Issues European commission 20 Commissioners appointed by members for 4 year terms, (10,000 employees) Proposing, implementing and monitoring legislation European parliament 630 directly elected members by member states populations Propose amendments to legislation Political structure of the European Union

13. Court of justice One judge from each country Hears appeals of EU laws I.e. Missing Treaty Obligations Council of ministers One representative from each member country Ultimate controlling authority No EU laws without approval Political structure of the European Union

14. Disharmony among the ECommision member countries: Trade policy Technical standards Resulted in establishment of the Delors Commission in 1985 Basis for Single European Act European Act: The causes

15. Single market program predicted to give EC firms greater opportunities to exploit economies of scale Removal of trade barriers increases competition forces EC firms to be more efficient Name changed to EU European Act

16. Objectives: Remove frontier controls “Mutual recognition” of product standards Open public procurement to non nationals Lift barriers to banking and insurance competition Remove restrictions on foreign exchange transactions Establishment of the EU

17. The Euro: Benefits and costs • Benefits: • Savings from using only one currency • Easy to compare prices, resulting in lower prices • Reduce FX Risk, Shop Around • Forces efficiency and slashing costs. • Creates liquid pan-Europe capital market. • Increases range of investments for individuals and institutions • As of 2004 Euro strong against the dollar and expected to rise

18. The Euro: Costs and benefits • Costs: • Countries lose monetary policy control. • European Central Bank controls policy for the “Euro zone” • Country economies are different • Euro puts the economic cart before the political horse • Strong Euro (2004) makes it harder for Euro zone exporters to sell their goods

19. EU in 2004 is the single largest market with a population greater than the US (GDP 9.3 Trillion) 10 new countries formally accepted into EU in 2002 Population of EU will increase to 450 million Still less than China Create European barriers to trade from the outside? Enlargement of the EU

20. Regional economic integration of the Americas • Regional economic integration is on the rise in the Americas • NAFTA • MERCOSUR • Plans for FTAA Map 8.3

21. Enforced in January, 1994, Over 10 year period: tariffs reduced (99% of goods traded) Removal of most barriers on cross border flow of services Removal of restrictions on FDI except in certain sectors Mexican railway and energy US airline and radio communications Canadian culture NAFTA

22. Protection of intellectual property rights Applies national environmental standards Establishment of commission to police violations NAFTA

23. Enlarged and productive regional base Labor-intensive industries move to Mexico Mexico gets investment and employment Increased Mexican income to buy US/Canada goods Demand for goods increases jobs Consumers get lower prices Loss of jobs to Mexico Mexican firms have to compete against efficient US/Canada firms Mexican firms become more efficient Environmental degradation Loss of national sovereignty PROS NAFTA CONS

24. ANCOM: Andean Pact • Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela • Nearly failed. Rejuvenated in 1990 in the Galapagos Declaration • Changed from FTA to customs union in 1992 • Still has many political and economic problems

25. 1988: Argentina, Brazil. 1990: Paraguay, Uruguay 1995: Agreed to move toward a full customs union Trade quadrupled between 1990-1998 Has significant trade diversion issues Revival in 2003 by Brazil’s president to be modeled after EU with common currency and elected parliament Mercosur

26. Central American Common Market 1960s: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua. Collapsed in 1969 CARICOM 1973: English-speaking Caribbean countries 191: Failed for third time to establish common external tariff Free Trade Area of the Americas 1998: 34 heads of state met in Santiago, Chile and inaugurated talks to create a FTAA by 2005 Other Hemisphere Associations

27. Created in 1967 Objective to achieve free trade between member countries and achieve cooperation in their industrial Brunei, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam Progress limited by Asian financial crisis of the 90’s Regional trade blocs in Asia : ASEAN

28. Founded in 1990 to ‘promote open trade and practical economic cooperation’ ‘Promote a sense of community’ 18 members 50% of world’s GNP 40% of global trade Despite slow progress, if successful, could become the world’s largest free trade area Why was it created Regional trade blocs in Asia : APEC

29. APEC members Map 8.4

30. 9 trade blocs on the continent Many countries are members of more than one group Progress slow due to political turmoil and deep suspicion of free trade Less developed, less diversified economies need “protection” In 2001 Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania relaunched the East African Community (EAC) to establish a customs union 24 years after it had collapsed Regional trade blocs in Africa

31. Regional trade blocs in Africa Map 8.5

32. Impact on business • Opportunities: Creation of single markets • Protected markets, now open • Lower costs doing business in single market • Threats: • Differences in culture and competitive practices make realizing economies of scale difficult • More price competition • Outside firms shut out of market • EU intervention in mergers and acquisitions