Partnership for Environmental Education and Rural Health Texas A&M University peer.tamu

1. Partnership for Environmental Education and Rural Health Texas A&M University http://peer.tamu.edu

2. Vaccines control diseases and can protect people and animals from illness and death.

3. Infections • What vaccines are • How vaccines work • History of vaccination research • Future developments expected • Dog and cat vaccination

4. Microbes invade the body

5. Vaccinate Improve general health - proper nutrition, exercise, healthy lifestyle, etc.

6. Eating healthy food, taking vitamins, and regular exercise stimulates the immune system. • Good sanitation practices also limits an infectious agent’s ability to spread to you and others. Check our Web site on Body Defenses

7. Vaccinations help both you and your best friend stay safe.

8. Target specific diseases Protect those who are vaccinated Stop epidemics

9. Vaccinate the largest possible number of individuals in the population at risk. • Vaccinate each individual no more frequently than necessary. • Vaccinate only against infectious agents to which individuals have a realistic risk of exposure and subsequent development of disease.

10. Vaccines consist of killed or weakened microbes that stimulate the immune system against that microbe. • Why must the microbes be killed or weakened? • Some infectious agents can change their genetic makeup making it difficult to produce a vaccine.

11. Polio, Haemophilus Influenza B, Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Hepatitis A, Chickenpox, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Hepatitis B. Have you had yours?

12. Microbes grown on suitable medium Purified to remove compounds that could cause allergic reactions (not always possible)

13. What are two main ways to improve resistance to infection? • Why is vaccination important? • What should the goals of vaccination be? • What is a vaccine? • How are vaccines made?

14. Your Body’s Defense System See separate lesson in this series on Immunity

15. Active • Exposure to an infectious agent triggers production of antibodies and may cause the disease. • Vaccines trigger the immune response without causing the disease (usually!) Passive • Person is injected with antibodies (immunoglobulins). • Immediate protection, but can’t last long because it does not stimulate the immune system to make it’s own antibodies. • Passive immunization will never cause the disease.

16. Weakened Vaccines • Produced by weakening a live virus or removing it’s disease-causing ability. Pros Cons • They have to be stored under special conditions, like refrigeration. • They can mutate and might cause the disease (very rare). • They elicit an immune system response and the formation of antibodies so you only have to receive the vaccine once or twice.

17. Inactivated Vaccines • These vaccines are produced by killing the infectious agent. Pros Cons • They do not have to be refrigerated. • They will never come back to life and cause the disease. • They usually require booster shots because they only weakly stimulate the immune system to make antibodies.

18. Pros Cons • You only have to have the vaccine once or twice. • They will never be reactivated and cause the disease. • They have to be refrigerated. Toxoids • Made by inactivating the toxin that some infectious agents create. • Used against Tetanus and Diphtheria.

19. Subunit Vaccines • Made by taking apart an infectious agent and only using the antigenic part (the part that stimulates an immune response). • Example vaccines: Hepatitis B and Streptococcus pneumoniae Pros Cons • They are more difficult to make and require new, expensive technology. • They cannot cause the disease.

20. How do vaccines work? • What are antibodies and what do they do? • What is the difference between active and passive vaccination? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? • Research is often aimed at developing sub-unit vaccines. Why?

21. 1798 – smallpox 1885 – rabies 1897 – plague 1923 – diphtheria 1926 – pertussis 1927 – TB 1927 – tetanus 1935 - yellow fever 1945 - influenza 1955 - polio (inj.) 1962 - polio (oral) 1964 - measles 1967 – mumps 1969 – rubella 1970 – anthrax 1977 – pneumonia 1981 – hepatitis B

22. In the late 1700s, a very deadly virus called smallpox was spreading through England. • Milk maids did not get smallpox (yet were continuously exposed to cowpox). In 1796, Edward Jenner inoculated a boy with cowpox, then showed later that smallpox inoculation did not infect him.

23. Creation of an anthrax vaccine by growing the microbe in a culture medium until it lost ability to cause sickness. Today’s vaccine: • 99% effective against cutaneous anthrax • See PEER professor presentation on anthrax • Creation of a rabies vaccine by growing the microbe in duck eggs until it lost ability to cause sickness.

24. What was Edward Jenner’s contribution to vaccination research? • What were Louis Pasteur’s first contributions to vaccination? • What was the average human life span before the advent of vaccination? What is it today?

25. Genetically engineer foods to contain parts of disease-causing organisms. • Such a vaccine could be “grown” around the world, even in underdeveloped countries. • Eliminates the need for expensive storage, transportation, refrigeration

26. Many viruses can change their genetic makeup to become stronger and resist vaccines or antibiotics that were once effective. • Gene sequencing of these microbes helps scientists to: • Understand how microbes invade and attack. • Identify antigenic sites as targets for drugs or sub-unit vaccines. Hoping to prevent another 1918 flu epidemic disaster.

27. One strategy for genetically engineered vaccines Identify an antigen Identify gene that makes antigen Insert gene into a harmless virus Infect patient with the virus Gene makes the antigen inside the patient Antigen induces antibody production by the patient

28. These rare reactions range from allergy symptoms to sudden death. Pets should be monitored for vaccine reactions soon after vaccinations. • Anaphylaxisis a rare, life-threatening, immediate allergic reaction. Readily treated by a veterinarian, but if untreated, it may result in shock, respiratory and heart failure, or even death.

29. Pain, swelling, redness, and irritation can occur at the injection site. Mild fever, decreased appetite, and depression may also occur. If you notice any of these signs in your pets, contact your veterinarian immediately. • These reactions may sound scary, but the risks of not vaccinating dogs and cats are far greater.

30. Cindy Chang Class of 2009 College of Veterinary Medicine Texas A&M University

31. Rabies – for all pets! (Killed Virus) • Dogs • Parvovirus – Modified Live Virus • Distemper – Modified Live Virus • Cats • Feline Leukemia Virus – Killed Virus • Panleukopenia - Modified Live Virus • Horses • Tetanus - Toxoid - Encephalomyelitis - Killed • West Nile Virus – Killed - Flu/Rhino - Killed • Strangles – Inactivated

32. Young animals need vaccinating early and often because their immune system is not yet developed. • Later, booster shots may be needed because protection “wears off.”

33. Pets need to be healthy to receive vaccination. Sick animals do not respond well to vaccination. • Veterinarians provide health and nutrition information that you can’t get from pet supply stores. Pets that visit the veterinarian once a year are healthier, happier, and live longer.

34. Rabies vaccine is required by law in many states. Why? • Puppies should receive a single dose of killed rabies vaccine at 16 weeks of age. • Adult dogs with unknown vaccination history should also receive a single dose of rabies vaccine. • A booster is required one year later for both puppies and adult dogs. Rabies vaccination should be performed every 3 years. See separate lesson on rabies in this series.