CHINA BEFORE THE REVOLUTION

1. CHINA BEFORE THE REVOLUTION • CHINESE REVOLUTION • 1911 to 1949 • Triggered by disastrous encounters with the West • Opium wars • Failure of Boxer Rebellion • Manchu Dynasty made half-hearted efforts at reform • Too little too late • Dynasty had to go if China was really going to reform itself

2. CHINESE REVOLUTION OF1911 • Dr. Sun Yat-sen • “Father of the Chinese Revolution” • Western-educated medical doctor • Three Principles • Democracy • Nationalism • Socialism • Manchu Dynasty collapses in 1911 • Sun Yat-sen not even in country at time • Comes back home in January 1912 and is proclaimed President of new Chinese Republic

3. BIG TROUBLE, 1912-1925 • Sun Yat-sen hands power over to Yuan Shikai in Spring 1912 • Yuan Shikai attempts to create new dynasty with himself as emperor –losing Sun Yat-sen;s support

4. DISINTEGRATION • Yuan Shikai does not press Japanese to return German territory in China • Alienates entire nation • Dies in 1916 • Disintegration accelerates • Weak republic continues to operate out of Bejiing • Sun-Yat-sen forms Nationalist Party to take control of China • Most of China in the hands of various warlords • Former bandit leaders or generals

5. CHINESE STUDENTS • CHINESE STUDENT MOVEMENT • MAY 4TH MOVEMENT • Sparked by outrage at China’s treatment at Versailles • NEW CULTURE MOVEMENT • Re-examination of Chinese traditions and investigation of Western ideas • FORMATION OF CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY (1921) • Formed with Soviet help • Included Mao Zedong • Cooperates with Nationalists

6. SPLIT IN THE NATIONALIST PARTY • Chaing Kai’shek • Assumed control of Nationalist Party in 1925 • Goes after Communists, fearing they have become too strong • Massacre in Shanghai (1927)

7. THE LONG MARCH • Kiangsi Province • Communists adopt Mao’s strategy of “swimming the peasant sea” • Attacked by Chaing in 1930 • Survivors flee to Shensi Province, 6000 miles to the northwest –THE LONG MARCH • COMMUNISTS APPEAR TO BE FINISHED AS A POLITICAL FORCE IN CHINA

8. WORLD WAR II • Chaing Kai’shek completely ineffective in fighting the Japanese • Regime also becomes increasingly corrupt and dictatorial • Mao Zedong very effective in waging guerilla war against the Japanese • “swimming the peasant sea” strategy also wins support of Chinese people

9. CIVIL WAR • End of World War II • Soviets give Mao captured Japanese equipment • Full-scale civil war erupts in 1947 • Chinese Communists win in 1949 and Chaing flees to Taiwan

10. RADICAL CHANGE • Attempt to destroy traditional Chinese family • Great Leap Forward • Improve agricultural and industrial production • Collective farms • Involuntary work groups

11. CULTURAL REVOLUTION • Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1965) • Response to growing criticism of Mao • Used “Red Guards” to ridicule and attack all critics • Caused tremendous confusion, dislocation, and unfair persecution of innocent people

12. DEATH OF MAO • Mao’s wife, Jiang Qing, tries to make herself heir during his last days • Mao dies in 1976 • Jiang Qing and closest supporters (“The Gang of Four”) arrested • Deng Xiaping emerges as China’s new leader

13. TIENANMEN SQUARE 1989 • Deng Xiaping moderates many of Mao’s policies • Encouraged by his apparent moderation, Chinese students push for democratic reforms • Culminates in Tienanmen Square demonstration of May 1989 • Hundreds of thousands of demonstrators • Appears to be successful at first • Soldiers clear square with much bloodshed and loss of life

14. BRITISH INDIA • Benefits of British rule • Economic progress • Educational opportunities for upper class • Improvement in public health • Downside of British rule • Genuine freedom missing • Economic progress passed most by • Public health improvements caused population to skyrocket • Formation of Congress Party • Made up moderate Indian professionals

15. OBSTACLES TO INDEPENDENCE • Isolation and poverty of rural population • Caste divisions • Hostility between Hindus and Moslems • Lack of common language • Huge gap between wealth, western educated members of Congress Party and impoverished and uneducated masses

16. MAHATMA GANDHI • Born in 1869 to a wealthy Hindu family • Received law education in London • While in London, spent spare time studying spiritual writings • Hindu • Bible • Leo Tolstoy • Henry David Thoreau • Concept of Civil Disobedience • Moved to South Africa after graduation • Developed strategy to help Indian contract workers • Returned to India in 1916 • Welcomed as a hero • Invited to join Congress Party

17. GANDHI IN INDIA • Became leader of Congress Party • Developed strategy of nonviolent protest • Frequently imprisoned • Turned into victories through tactic of hunger strike • Dressed like Hindu holy man • Principles were mixture of old and new • Urged return to simple pre-British way of life • Advocated equality and condemned the caste system

18. SUCCESS AND DISAPPOINTMENT • British often over-reacted to non-violent demonstrations, generating international sympathy for Gandhi’s causes • Decades of protest finally paid off in 1947 –India is granted independence • Riots immediately break out between Moslems and Hindus • Gandhi is assassinated in 1948 • Moslem parts of India break off to form Pakistan and Bangladesh

19. INDEPENDENT INDIA • PANDIT NEHRU (1948-1964) • INDIRA GANDHI (1966-1984) • RAJIV GANDHI (1984-1991) • SUCCESSES • Welded India into one nation • Economic development • PROBLEMS • Overpopulation • Religious inspired violence • WORLD’S LARGEST DEMOCRACY Pandit Nehru Rajiv Gandhi Indira Gandhi