New Approaches to Minimizing Water Intrusion in Attics

1. New Approaches to Minimizing Water Intrusion in Attics Coastal Contractor Summit May 12-14, 2008 Tim Reinhold Director of Engineering & VP Institute for Business & Home Safety

2. IBHS Mission To reduce the social and economic effects of natural disasters and other property losses by conducting research and advocating improved construction, maintenance and preparation practices.

3. Performance of New Building Code Buildings 3

4. Strong Codes Reduce Claim Severity and Frequency(Preliminary Results) Frequency Pre 1996: 41 claims/100 policies Severity Pre 1996: $24/sf - 42% - 60% 1996 - 2004: $14/sf 1996 - 2004: 17 claims/100 policies 4

5. Amount of Roof Damage * Includes claims with known damage types only, except for partial covering/partial decking. 5

6. Interior Damage and ALE by Year of Construction 6

7. Building Envelope Issues Structural Issues Causes of Failure and Problems

8. Loss of roof covering Loss of roof sheathing Debris impact - broken windows and doors Window and door framing and anchorage Garage doors Ridge vents, off ridge vents, gable end vents and soffits Water leakage – windows, doors, siding, etc. Building Envelope Issues in Priority Order

9. Roof Covering Failures 95% of Homes With claims

10. Roof Coverings - Shingles

11. 3-Tab Shingle Permit Survey Post Charley Replacement

13. Shingle Roof Observations • Many Older Roofs suffered extensive shingle damage • Roof covering damage frequently resulted in significant damage to interior • Newer wind-rated shingles installed to manufacturers recommendations performed well • How much is due to being new and how much due to product improvements?

14. Roof Covering Failures Tile Roof Damage • Tile insufficiently attached to roof deck:

15. Roof Covering Failures

16. Roof Covering Failures Tile Roof Damage • Lack of Hip / Ridge Board

17. Signs of damage propagation Success stories were there in Charley Roof Coverings - Tile

18. Tile Roof Permit Study (10,375) Population County & City

19. Tile Roof Permits Post Charley Replacement County & City

21. Tile Roof Observations • Tile roofs have better secondary water protection • When roofs failed, few tile roof owners had as much water intrusion through deck as shingle roof owners • Some roof vent problems where vents failed and acted as scoops • Relatively light damage in lower winds • Tile failures produced large financial losses • Large deductibles • Source of significant debris damage

22. Florida 2004:A Tale of Two Coasts • On East Coast after Frances and Jeanne, Palm Beach Post • Very critical of shingle roofs • Very supportive of tile roofs • In Punta Gorda and Charlotte County • Many homeowners concerned about tiles • Numerous positive comments about the performance of new metal roofs • Local covenants requiring tile roofs

23. Tile Look Metal Roofs

24. Standing Seam Metal

25. Metal • Anchorage near edges is key • Sheathing or deck is important • Provide secondary water protection – upgraded underlayment

26. Metal Roof Observations • Certain new installations performed very well • 5V Crimp seemed among best • Easy to inspect screw spacing • Installed over decking • Standing seam exhibited mixed results • Sometimes no deck under panels • More difficult to inspect clip spacing on deck applications • Systems that include a separate deck offer opportunity for secondary water protection • Degradation with ageing and fatigue?

27. Secondary Water Protection • Goal is to dramatically reduce the amount of water that pours into the attic through gaps between roof sheathing when the primary roof cover is blown off.

28. Underlayment as Secondary Water Protection Fully adhered membrane covering

30. Underlayment as secondary Water Protection • Mechanically attached membrane

32. Secondary Water Protection Using Self Adhering Strips • Self Adhering Modified Bitumen products • Ice & Water shield • Available in a Variety of Widths • Most Economical in 6” widths

33. Closed Cell Urethane Based Adhesive Foam Sprayed on Joints

34. Medusa

35. Tearing Around Fasteners

36. Roof Deck Failure

37. Roof Deck and Gable End Failures

38. Loss of Roof Sheathing & Gable End Failure

39. Key Elements for Roof Sheathing Attachment fastener size and type fastener spacing – particularly in the field of sheathing (These two items have the greatest effect on uplift resistance) Spacing of support members Sheathing thickness (head pull-through); fatigue around fasteners

40. Sheathing Uplift Resistance • Uplift capacity is best correlated with tributary areas of fasteners • Depends on missing fasteners • Depends on head pull-through for thin sheathing ( < 5/8”) • For 1/2” or thinner sheathing - can be reduced based on nail head shape • For 1/2” or thinner sheathing - can be reduced by over-driven fasteners • For screws, capacity can be limited by head pull-through even for 5/8” sheathing

41. 6 and 12 spacing of fasteners 2 sq. ft. 1 ft. 2 ft. ½ sq. ft. ½ ft. 1 ft. Ratio of Tributary Areas = 4 to 1 41

42. 6 and 6 spacing of fasteners 1/2 ft. 1 sq. ft. 2 ft. ½ sq. ft. ½ ft. 1 ft. Ratio of Tributary Areas = 2 to 1 42

43. Roof Ventilation as a Source of Water Intrusion • Soffits • Gable rake vents • Gable end vents • Ridge vents • Off-ridge vents • TAS 100(A) type tests are all that are currently available to try and evaluate some of these products

44. Soffit Failures 75% of Homes with claims

45. Failure Due to Poor Installation – Lack of Test Standards – Not Following Product Approvals

46. Major Code Change • Soffits to be designed to withstand the same pressure as the adjacent wall • Dead-wood and following manufacturer’s installation procedures is important • Retrofit solutions indicate issues

47. Retrofitting Vinyl and Aluminum Soffits • Anchorage of soffit to wall • Bead of adhesive • Screws through channel and soffit material • Anchorage of soffit to fascia board • Adhesive in notches • Screws through fascia flashing and soffit material • Improved anchorage of flashing • Removal and installation per manufacturer’s high-wind installation recommendations