Access • Availability • Utilization

2. Throughout the business supply chain, risks abound that can ultimately impact food safety and security FOOD SECURITY Access • Availability • Utilization CLIMATE CHANGE POVERTY • Agricultural Production • Food Manufacturing • Consumer Contact • Inputs • Harvesting • Post harvest handling • Storage • Transportation • Processing • Packaging • Storage • Distribution • Point of sale • Storage • Handling • Consumption Raw Materials • Pathogens • Cross-Contamination FOOD SAFETY Mitigating for these risks allows us to: Make more food available •Reduce demand for increased production •Manage environmental footprint Lower food production costs •Expanded trade opportunities •Reduced hunger and poverty

3. Mycotoxins • Secondary fungal metabolites that exert toxic effects on animals and human beings. • More than 300 secondary metabolites have been described but only thirty really exert toxic effects. • Health impact varies based on mycotoxin type and quantity consumed • The chemical structures of mycotoxins are very diverse Zearalenone Deoxynivalenol Aflatoxin B1 Polyacetates :aflatoxins, citrinine, ochratoxins patulin, zearalenone, fumonisins, Terpenes :trichothecenes (sesqui), tremorgenes, Peptides :ergotamin (alcaloïdes), tryptoquivaline,.. Piperazines :sporidesmin, gliotoxin, roquefortine,.. Fumonisin B1 Ochratoxin A

4. Impact of climate change on agriculture EFSA Prediction for risk of aflatoxin B1 contamination in maize • Prevalence of mycotoxin – changes in risk areas • EFSA’s Emerging Risks Unit identified changing patterns in mycotoxincontamination due to climate change • especially aflatoxins, in cereals such as wheat, maize and rice • Shift of supply regions may also introduce new risks of mycotoxin control +2oC climate change scenario +5oC climate change scenario

5. Mycotoxin Implications Highly confidential Mars Inc.

6. FSS&T Grand Challenges Highly confidential Mars Inc.

7. In the field • Good agricultural practices • Biocontrol • Match cultivar with geographic region & climate (humidity / temperature / rainfall) • Strain selection (breeding & GMO) • Treatments (insects and fungi) • At harvesting • Timing of harvest (maturity / moisture) • During storage • Shelling • Drying • Grading • During process & • transformation • Inbound acceptance sampling • Temperature • Binders Mycotoxin Mitigation Crop Survey Supplier Quality Assurance Factory Quality Management Process

8. What is biocontrol? • Use of one living organism to control another by competitive exclusion • Field introduction of large numbers of nontoxigenic spores of same species known to produce target mycotoxin • Competes with naturally occurring toxigenic strains for infection sites on crop • Due to higher numbers swamps toxigenic strains reducing mycotoxin concentration in crop Highly confidential Mars Inc.

9. Inbound Acceptance Sampling • Sampling 20 samples from truck • 10 first points combined as Group A • 10 latter points combined as Group B • Sample A&B are individually ground for testing

10. The Food Safety Domino Effect Starts by addressing Food Safety with 1 supplier • Establishing a relationship with a customer through clear specification and audit Impacts a supply chain Impacts an industry Impacts society

11. THANK YOU

12. Variability in supply and demand Impact of climate change on agriculture • - climate stress introduces new risks • Prevalence of mycotoxin – changes in risk areas Extreme weather wipes out crops Raw materials grown in new regions – how do you assess risk? Water scarcity

13. Aflatoxins • Four aflatoxin types (order of toxicity): • B1 >G1 > B2 > G2 • Other aflatoxin types occur as metabolic products (e.g., aflatoxin M1 in milk) • Highly toxic • Aflatoxins are among the most toxic naturally occurring substances known. • Carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, mutagenic and teratogenic • All animal species affected by aflatoxins. • Can be passed through food chain (e.g., milk of animals which are fed contaminated feed). • Heat Stable • Withstand typical food processing temperatures Aflatoxin B1

14. Variability in supply and demand • 2012 A Year of Drought and Floods Hits Supply • Drought in Russia and US hits grain quantity and quality • US • Yield down nearly 30% • Quality 23% of the crop is rated as good to excellent down from 66% • UK wheat harvest hit by rain impacting Quality • only 4% of supplies from top-grade varieties reached top milling standards, compared with 40% last year Russia Forecast 2012 % change from 2011

15. Overview of Biocontrol Research Plan Nontoxigenic strain selection & competitive assessment Inoculum optimisation CSIRO Field trials including post-harvest treatments in maize Initial nontoxigenic strain screening Inoculum preparation Aflatoxin assays PCH

16. Inoculum Optimisation for Tropical Conditions • Problem • Aspergillus flavus spore numbers in soil in experiments in Thailand have been lower than expected • Potential causes • Soil fungi and bacteria may outcompete Aspergillus flavusin very wet soils, as may occurwith tropical rainfall, resulting inpoor growth of inoculum Highly confidential Mars Inc.

17. Current Method of Inoculum Preparation • CSIRO process for manufacturing inoculum for use in biocontrol in maize and peanuts is simple, relatively inexpensive and requires only a mixer • Grow Aspergillus flavus spores in the laboratory • Mix the spores with 60% molasses as a carrier • Add mixture to hulled rice at rate of 2% by weight • Broadcast the rice on fields at appropriate rates, 50 – 400 kg/ha, to assess the efficacy of the process Highly confidential Mars Inc.

18. Inoculum Optimisation for Tropical Conditions • Goal • Encourage germination of spores on hulled rice at time of manufacture, 1-7 days before spreading • Solution • Increase aw of rice substrate during manufacture • aw 0.95-0.96 appeared optimal in promoting germination of Aspergillus flavus spores • Did not result in anticipated difficulties • Fungus did not sporulate in enclosed sacks within 7 days • Fungus did not clump the rice grains within 7 days • Other fungi did not grow Highly confidential Mars Inc.

19. Inoculum Optimisation for Tropical Conditions • Growth of inoculum on wet soil (1.00 aw) after 3 days- growth is almost entirely of contaminant fungi • Growth at 0.90 aw after 3 days- most grains show growth of A. flavus and some sporulation • Growth at 0.98 aw after 3 days- heavy A. flavus sporulation is evident Highly confidential Mars Inc.