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Introduction to Optical Electronics

Semiconductor Photon Detectors (Ch 18). Semiconductor Photon Sources (Ch 17). Lasers (Ch 15). Photons in Semiconductors (Ch 16). Laser Amplifiers (Ch 14). Photons & Atoms (Ch 13). Quantum (Photon) Optics (Ch 12). Resonators (Ch 10). Electromagnetic Optics (Ch 5). Wave Optics (Ch 2 & 3).

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Introduction to Optical Electronics

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  1. Semiconductor Photon Detectors (Ch 18) Semiconductor Photon Sources (Ch 17) Lasers (Ch 15) Photons in Semiconductors (Ch 16) Laser Amplifiers (Ch 14) Photons & Atoms (Ch 13) Quantum (Photon) Optics (Ch 12) Resonators (Ch 10) Electromagnetic Optics (Ch 5) Wave Optics (Ch 2 & 3) Ray Optics (Ch 1) Optics Physics Optoelectronics Introduction to Optical Electronics

  2. 2 1 h h h E-field of Gaussian Beam Stimulated Emission Optics Ray Optics (Geometrical Optics) • Focus on location & direction of light rays • Limit of Wave Optics where  0 Wave Optics (Gaussian Beam) • Scalar wave theory (Single scalar wavefunction describes light) E&M Optics (Geometrical Optics) • Two mutually coupled vector waves (E & M) Quantum Optics (Photon Optics) • Describes certain optical phenomena that arecharacteristically quantum mechanical

  3. Chronological Development of Optics • Michael Faraday (1791 – 1867) • James Clerk Maxwell (1831 – 1879) • James Bradley (1693 – 1762) • Dominque Arago (1786 – 1853) • Augustin Jean Fresnel (1788 – 1827) • Armand Fizeau (1819 – 1896) • Airy (1801 – 1892) • Henrik Antoon Lorentz (1853 – 1928) • Albert Abraham Michelson (1852 – 1931) • Jules Henri Poincare (1854 – 1921) • Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955) • Max Planck (1858 – 1947) • Richard Phillips Feynman (1918 – 1988)

  4. + – + – The Photoelectric Effect • The photoelectric current is proportional to the intensity of the radiation • Photoelectric emission starts with no observable time lag after illumination starts, even if the intensity is very low • The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is independent of the intensity of the light • There is a linear relation between the stopping potential* (V0) and frequency () for any given metal A V * The stopping potential V0 is defined as the magnitude of the potential difference necessary to reduce the current to zero.

  5. Wave Nature of Light(Classical) Light in resonator: completely characterized by EM field Particle Nature of Light(Quantum) Light in resonator: comprised of a set of modes containing an integral number of photons Characteristics of the modes taken from classical and assigned to photon  spatial distribution direction of propagation polarization … Moving from Wave to Particle Nature of Light

  6. Photons Energy Position Momentum Polarization Interference Time Photon Streams Coherent Partially Coherent Probability Rules! Mean Photon Flux Photon-Number Statistics Random Partitioning Photon (Quantum) Optics

  7. d d d Blackbody Radiation Theory

  8. kz kx Density of Modes ky

  9. Light as Particles - Photons • Energy • Position • Momentum • Polarization • Interference • Time

  10. Quantum Effects I ? I ?

  11. t Light Detector Oscilloscope Photon StreamsStatistics! Temporal Spatial

  12. Photon Flux • Mean Photon-Flux Density • Mean Photon Flux • Mean Number of Photons

  13. Classical vice Quantum Concepts Spectral Definitions

  14. Photon FluxTime-Varying • Mean Photon-Flux Density • Mean Photon Flux • Mean Number of Photons

  15. Uncertainty Relationships Defining Conjugate Pairs: Uncertainty:

  16. More Uncertainty Relationships More Conjugate Pairs: Uncertainty: Conjugate Heisenberg’s Pairs Uncertainty

  17. Photon-Number StatisticsCoherent Light

  18. Photon-Number Statistics Coherent Light Poisson Distribution Mean & Variance Signal-to-Noise Ratio

  19. Photon-Number StatisticsThermal Light

  20. Photon-Number Statistics Thermal Light • Boltzman Prob. Dist. Bose-Einstein Distribution Mean & Variance Signal-to-Noise Ratio

  21. Spontaneous Emission 2 2 2 • Probability Density of Spontaneous Emission into a Single Prescribed Mode • Probability Density of Spontaneous Emission into any Prescribed Mode h 1 1 1 h • Probability Density of Absorption of one photon from a single mode containing n photons • Probability Density of Absorption of one photon from a stream of “single-mode” light by one atom • Probability Density of Absorption of one photon in a cavity of volume V containing multi-mode light Absorption h h h • Probability Density of Stimulated Emission of one photon into a single mode containing n photons • Probability Density of Stimulated Emission of one photon into a stream of “single-mode” light by one atom • Probability Density of Stimulated Emission of one photon into a cavity of volume V containing multi-mode light Stimulated Emission Atom – Photon Interactions Next Class!

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