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Mammals Part 2

Mammals Part 2. NERVOUS & SENSORY. A. Larger brains compared to body size B. Good sense of touch C. Olfaction very important D. Well developed sense of hearing

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Mammals Part 2

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  1. Mammals Part 2

  2. NERVOUS & SENSORY A. Larger brains compared to body size B. Good sense of touch C. Olfaction very important D. Well developed sense of hearing E. Vision is also important. Color vision not as well developed in most( scientists believe because ancestor were nocturnal). It is well developed in primates, squirrels and a few others

  3. REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT • A. Females go through an estrus cycle where they are receptive to males and release eggs for fertilization • B. Reproduction usually occurs when climate is right and resources are available • Three types of estrus: • 1. monestrus- only one estrus/year- pandas, bears, sea lions • 2. Diestrus- 2 estrus/ year- domestic dogs

  4. 3. polyestrus- many estrus/year- humans D. Modes of development: 1. monotremes- lay eggs- platypus & echidna

  5. 2. marsupials- short gestation inside mother(8-40 days); when born must crawl to marsupium (pouch) to complete development. Will attach to nipple in pouch for additional 60-270 days

  6. 3. Eutherian mammals- longer gestation periods (20-19 months) Offspring are nourished by the placenta. ***The longer the gestation period, the longer the offspring can take to develop, the more complex structures and/or functions will be.

  7. BEHAVIOR A. Migration- move long distances to avoid drought or temperature extremes

  8. BEHAVIOR B. Winter sleep- animals retreat to burrows where they become less active but relatively alert & easily aroused(bears, raccoons)

  9. BEHAVIOR C. Hibernation-respiration, heart rate, metabolism all slow down considerably. Will store large amounts of fat to rely on in winter. ( moles, shrews, rodents, bats)

  10. D. Pheromones- used to: • 1. Recognize members of same species • 2. Attract mate • 3. Establish territories • 4. Recognize parents

  11. E. Auditory & tactile communications important especially to herd animals

  12. F. Vocalizations & tactile communications important to social animals like primates that groom each other G. Territoriality- defend/protect certain area

  13. Orders of Mammals • Order Insectivora- small, primitive mammals; 3rd largest order. • Ex; hedgehogs, moles, shrew

  14. 2. Order Chiroptera- bones of arms & hands are elongate & slender; have flight membranes; most insectivores, some fruit eater, blood or fish feeders Ex- bats

  15. 3. Order Primates- increased agility in arboreal(tree-dwelling) habitats; omnivores, unspecialized teeth, grasping digits, enlarged eyes & cerebral hemispheres Ex; lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, great apes, humans

  16. 4. Order Edentata- incisors & canines absent; hind foot is four toes, forefoot with 2/3 prominent toes with large claws; limbs for climbing or digging Ex- anteaters, sloths, armadillos

  17. 5. Order Lagomorpha- two pairs of upper incisors, one pair of lower incisors. Incisors are always growing & worn down by feeding on vegetation. Ex- rabbits

  18. 6. Order Rodentia- largest mammals order; upper & lower jaws have single pair of always growing incisors. Ex- squirrels, chipmunks, rats, mice, beavers, porcupines

  19. 7. Order Cetacea- streamlined, nearly hairless & insulated by blubber; forelimbs modified into flippers, hindlimbs reduced; nostrils on top of head Ex- toothed whale, porpoises, baleen whales

  20. 8. Order Carnivora- predatory mammals; well developed sense of smell; canines are well developed Ex- dogs, cats, bears, raccoons, sea lions, seals, walruses, otters

  21. 9. Order Proboscidea- long, muscular trunk with 1-2 finger like projections Ex- African & Indian elephants

  22. 10. Order Sirenia- large, aquatic herbivores; nearly hairless with thick, wrinkled skin; forelimb is flipperlike & hindlimb is vestigial Ex- manatee, dugong

  23. 11. Order Perissodactyla- skull usually elongate; large molars/premolars, odd toed ungulates (hoofed animals); primarily grazers. Ex- horses, rhinoceroses, zebras, tapirs

  24. 12. Order Artiodactyla- even toes hoofed animals; grazing animals Ex- pigs, hippopotamuses, camels, deer, sheep, giraffe, cattle

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