Chapter 7

1. Chapter 7 An Introduction to Power

2. Objectives • Identify the difference between work and power. • Define horse power (hp). • Recognize various power components in electrical and fluid circuits. • Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of various forms of power.

3. Introduction • Power is needed in our technological society. • It is used to light our cities, cooks our food, and wash our clothes. • Without power our cars could not run, and airplanes could not fly.

4. Types of Power Systems • Work is the application of force that moves an object a certain distance. • Power is the rate at which work is done. • When energy is harnessed, converted, transmitted, and controlled to perform useful work, we all this a power system.

5. Electrical Systems • Electrical systems are power systems that use electrical energy to do work. • The most common electrical power components include switches for controlling the flow of electricity, fuses or circuit breakers for protecting electrical circuitry, wires for transmitting electricity, and loads (such as lights, heaters, motors, or appliances) for utilizing electricity. • Electricity is needed in most anything we use today.

6. Mechanical Systems • Mechanical systems power systems that use mechanical energy to do work. • Machines are devices used to manage mechanical power. • Six simple machines are used to control and change mechanical power: the lever, the pulley, the wheel and axle, the inclined plane, the wedge, and the screw (fig 7-2, page 146). • Mechanical power has a direction of motion: linear (straight and in one direction), reciprocating ( back and forth), or rotational (spinning).

7. Fluid Systems • Fluid systems perform work using energy created by liquids and gases. • Fluid power can accomplish the movement of very heavy objects. • Examples of fluid power components include valves, hoses, air compressors or hydraulic pumps, cylinders or motors. • There are 2 types of fluid power systems: pneumatic and hydraulic. • Pneumatic systems use a gas such as air to transmit and control power. • Hydraulic systems use a liquid such as oil to transmit and control power. • Fluid power systems are easily operated and controlled, durable, and accurate in their control.

8. Characteristics of power systems • Power can be produced in 3 forms: electrical, mechanical, or fluid. • Effort is the force behind movement in a power system. • In linear mechanical power this effort is known as force and is measured in pounds. • In rotational mechanical power this effort is called torque and is measured in foot pounds. • In fluid power, effort is referred to as pressure and measured in pounds per square inch (psi). • In electricity, the effort is called voltage and is measured in volts. • Rate is a characteristic of power that is expressed in quantity per unit time. All rate characteristics include a quantity (gallons, revolutions, electrons) and a time element (seconds, minutes, or hours). • In electrical power the measurement for rate of flow is the ampere. • In mechanical rotational systems the rate is measured in revolutions per minute (rpm). • A common measurement rate for fluid systems is gallons per minute (GPM).

9. Basic elements of all power systems • An energy source is required for a power system to function. • A conversion method is necessary to convert energy so some type of work is produced. • A transmission path is needed to move energy to the point where it is supposed to produce work. • A storage medium is necessary when power must be stored for use at a later point in time. • Protection devices shield components in power circuitry fuses). • Advantage gaining devices like transformers to transmit voltages over great distances. • Control systems are needed to control the power (on off devices). • Measuring devices are needed to monitor power use (meters). • Load or output is the final goal of the power system (motors, appliances).

10. Calculations of Power Systems • Work: Work = force x distance (W = F x d) • Power: Power = Work/ Time ( P = W / t) • In electrical systems power in watts = voltage in volts x current in amps (P = V x I) • Efficiency: Efficiency % = output/input x 100 • Horsepower (hp):hp = work/ (time in minutes x 33,000) • Electrical power: watts/746 = hp

11. Measurement Conversion • The two measuring systems we use in the United States are U.S. customary (British) and SI metric. • Fig 7-11, page 156 provides a conversion chart.

12. Summary • Work is the application of force that moves an object a certain distance. • Power is the rate at which work is done. • The most common electrical power components include switches for controlling the flow of electricity, fuses or circuit breakers for protecting electrical circuitry, wires for transmitting electricity, and loads (such as lights, heaters, motors, or appliances) for utilizing electricity. • Six simple machines are used to control and change mechanical power: the lever, the pulley, the wheel and axle, the inclined plane, the wedge, and the screw. • Examples of fluid power components include valves, hoses, air compressors or hydraulic pumps, cylinders or motors. • There are 2 types of fluid power systems: pneumatic and hydraulic. Pneumatic systems use a gas such as air to transmit and control power. Hydraulic systems use a liquid such as oil to transmit and control power.

13. Home Work • 1. Give examples of the most common electrical power components. • 2. Name six simple machines used to control and change mechanical power. • 3. Give examples of fluid power components.