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Hardware and Software

Hardware and Software. Chapter 2. Learning Objectives. Identify and discuss the role of the essential hardware components of a computer system. List and describe popular classes of computer systems and discuss the role of each.

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Hardware and Software

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  1. Hardware and Software Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  2. Learning Objectives • Identify and discuss the role of the essential hardware components of a computer system. • List and describe popular classes of computer systems and discuss the role of each. • Outline the role of the operating system and discuss how operating systems have evolved over time. • Identify and briefly describe the functions of the two basic kinds of software. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  3. Computer System Components Access, decode, coordinate instructions Math calculations Hold program instructions and data Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  4. Hardware Components in Action • Instruction phase • Step 1: Fetch instruction • Step 2: Decode instruction • Execution phase • Step 3: Execute the instruction • Step 4: Store the results Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  5. Execution of an Instruction Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  6. Processing and Memory Devices Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  7. Processing Characteristics and Functions • Machine cycle time: Time to execute the instruction phase • Clock speed: • Rate at which electronic pulses are produces. • Measured in MHz • Wordlength • Bit (Binary digiT): 0 or 1 • Unit for moving data • Wordlength: The number of bits a CPU can process in a unit time • 32-64 bit processors Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  8. Moore’s Law • Number of transistors doubles every 18 months Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  9. Number of Bytes Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  10. Types of Memory (1) • Random access memory (RAM) • Volatile • Extended Data Out (EDO) RAM • Dynamic Ram (DRAM) • Synchronous DRAM: • Faster transfer speed between memory and processor Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  11. Types of Memory (2) Read-only memory (ROM) • Non-volatile • Permanent data and instructions from manufacturer • Types • PROM: Programmable • EPROM: Erasable programmable Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  12. Basic Types of Memory Chips Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  13. Secondary Storage and Output Devices Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  14. Cost Comparisons for Various Forms of Data Storage Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  15. Secondary Storage Access Methods • Sequential access • Access in the same order it was written • Ex: Need to access memory location 5. Then, you need to go through 1, 2, 3, and 4 first. • Direct access • Directly access the location • Faster than sequential access • Sequential access storage devices (SASD) • Direct access storage devices (DASD) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  16. Secondary Storage Devices (1) • Magnetic tapes: Similar to audio tapes, SASD • Magnetic discs: Hard disk, DASD • RAID: Redundant array of independent inexpensive disks • Data stored more than once in one of the disks • Even if one disk fails, data can still be retrieved • SAN: Storage area network • Consist of many storage devices • Optical discs, DASD • CD-ROM Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  17. Secondary Storage Devices (2) • Magneto-optical discs • Digital versatile discs (DVD): Up to 17 GB storage • Memory cards • Installed in a slot • Portable • Expandable storage: Removable disk cartridges • Portable • Zip drives Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  18. Types of Secondary Storage Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  19. Hard Disc Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  20. Storage Area Network Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  21. Digital Versatile Disc Player Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  22. Expandable Storage Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  23. Comparison of Secondary Storage Devices Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  24. Input Devices • Personal computer input devices • Keyboard • Mouse • Voice-recognition devices • Microphone • Software to convert voice into bits • Digital computer cameras • Record images and video • Terminals • Connects to a powerful server for computations • Scanning devices • Page • Handheld • Touch-sensitive Screens Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  25. A PC Equipped with a Computer Camera Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  26. Output Devices • Display Monitors • Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) • Wide • Lights up pixels • Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) • Flat panel • Printers and Plotters • Speed measured in pages (page printed per minute) • Music Devices • MP3 Players Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  27. Laser Printer Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  28. Types of Computer Systems Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  29. Overview of Software Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  30. Overview of Software • Computer programs: Sequences of instructions • Documentation: Describe program functions • Systems software: Coordinate the activities of the hardware • Computer system platform: • Hardware configuration + systems software • Application software: Programs that help users with certain tasks Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  31. Classifying Software by Type and Sphere of Influence Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  32. Systems Software Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  33. Operating Systems • Perform common computer hardware functions • Ex: Get input from keyboard • Provide a user interface • Command-based user interface (ms-dos) • Graphical-user interface (windows) • Provide a degree of hardware independence • Application program interface • Manage system memory • Convert logical view to physical view Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  34. Operating Systems • Manage processing tasks • Allocate computer resources • Multitasking (run more than once application at a time) • Time-sharing (allow multiple access to a system) • Provide networking capability • Enable connection to the Internet • Control access to system resources • Authentication • Manage files • Access to files Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  35. Role of the Operating System Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  36. Application Program Interface Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  37. An Example of the Operating System Controlling Physical Access to Data Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  38. Popular Operating Systems Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  39. Workgroup Operating Systems • Windows 2000 Server • Unix • Netware • Red Hat Linux • Mac OS X Server Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  40. Consumer Appliance Operating Systems • Windows CE .NET • Windows XP Embedded • Handheld PC • Pocket PC • Palm OS Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  41. Application Software Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  42. Sources of Software Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  43. Proprietary and Off-the-Shelf Software Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  44. Examples of Personal Productivity Software Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  45. TurboTax Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  46. Quicken Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  47. Word Processing Program Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  48. Spreadsheet Program Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  49. Database Program Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

  50. Graphics Program Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

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